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describe. Figure A-5 on page A-6 shows examples of
field types for three different fix records.
In each of the above examples, magnetic variation is
dealt with in a slightly different manner. Since the locations of these fixes are used to calculate the magnetic
courses displayed in the cockpit, their records must
include the location’s magnetic variation to be used in
Airport
Primary
Record 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
0 5 7 2 3 6 0 4 1 8 3 5 2 7 9 6 4 3 1 0 8 5 2 7 4 1 9 0 6 5 8 1 3 4 7 5 9 8 0 6 7 9 3 4 1 2 5 7 0 8 6 4 5 3 9 1 7 2 0 8 4 6 5 3 9 8 1 4 7 2 3 5 0 6 8 9 4 1 5 2
27 28 29 30 31
9 0 6 5 1 8 1
3 Longest Runway 6,500 feet
Figure A-4. Longest Runway Field in an Airport Record.
A-6
those calculations. In records for airports for instance,
the magnetic variation is given as the difference in
degrees between the measured values of true north and
magnetic north at that location. The field labeled
“Station Declination” in the record for a VOR differs
only slightly in that it is the angular difference between
true north and the zero degree radial of the NAVAID
the last time the site was checked. The record for a waypoint, on the other hand, contains a field named
“Dynamic Magnetic Variation,” which is simply a
computer model calculated value instead of a measured
value.
Another concept pilots should understand relates to
how aircraft make turns over navigation fixes. Fixes
can be designated as fly-over or fly-by depending on
how they are used in a specific route. [Figure A-6]
Under certain circumstances, a navigation fix is designated as fly-over. This simply means that the aircraft
must actually pass directly over the fix before initiating
a turn to a new course. Conversely, a fix may be designated fly-by, allowing an aircraft’s navigation system
to use its turn anticipation feature, which ensures that
the proper radius of turn is commanded to avoid overshooting the new course. Some RNAV systems are not
programmed to fully use this feature. It is important to
remember a fix can be coded as fly-over in one proce-
dure, and fly-by in another, depending on how the fix
is used.
SIMPLE ROUTE RECORDS
Route records are those that describe a flight path
instead of a fixed position. Simple route records contain strings of fix records and information pertaining to
how the fixes should be used by the navigation avionics. A Victor Airway, for example, is described in the
database by a series of “en route airway records” that
contain the names of fixes in the airway and information about how those fixes make up the airway. These
records describe the way the fixes are used in the airway and contain important information including the
fix identifier, sequence number, route type, required
navigation performance (RNP), outbound and inbound
magnetic courses (if appropriate), route distance, and
minimum and maximum altitudes for the route.
Sequence number fields are a necessary addition to the
navigation database because they allow the avionics
system to track the fix order within the route. Most
routes can be entered from any point and flown in both
directions. The sequence number allows the avionics to
keep track of the fixes in order, so that the proper flight
path can be followed starting anywhere within the
route.
Fly-By
Fly-Over
Flight Plan Path
Airplane Track
Figure A-6. Fly-By and Fly-Over Waypoints.
Airport VOR Waypoint
• Longest Runway
• IFR Capability
• Magnetic Variation
• Airport Elevation
• Transition Altitude
or Flight Level
• VOR Frequency
• NAVAID Class
• Station/Declination
• DME Ident
• Waypoint Type
• Waypoint Usage
• Dynamic Magnetic Variation
Figure A-5. Unique Fields for Three Different Fix Records.
A-7
COMPLEX ROUTE RECORDS
Complex route records include those strings of fixes
that describe complex flight paths like standard instrument departures (SIDs), standard terminal arrival
routes (STARs), and instrument approach procedures.
Like simple routes, these records contain the names of
fixes to be used in the route as well as instructions on
how the route will be flown. However, there are several
fields included in these records that are unique to this
type.
SID procedures are examples of complex routes that
　
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