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the common altitude for changing to the standard
altimeter setting of 29.92 inches of mercury (or 1013.2
hectopascals or millibars) when climbing to the high
altitude structure is 18,000 feet. When descending from
high altitude, the altimeter should be changed to the
local altimeter setting when passing through FL 180,
although in most countries throughout the world the
change to or from the standard altimeter setting is not
done at the same altitude for each instance.
For example, the flight level where you change your
altimeter setting to the local altimeter setting is specified
by ATC each time you arrive at a specific airport. This
information is shown on STAR charts outside the U.S.
with the words: TRANS LEVEL: BY ATC. When
departing from that same airport (also depicted typically
on the STAR chart), the altimeter should be set to the
standard setting when passing through 5,000 feet, as an
example. This means that altimeter readings when flying above 5,000 feet will actually be flight levels, not
feet. This is common for Europe, but very different for
pilots experienced with flying in the United States and
Canada.
RNAV STARS OR STAR TRANSITIONS
STARs designated RNAV serve the same purpose as
conventional STARs, but are only used by aircraft
equipped with FMS or GPS. An RNAV STAR or STAR
transition typically includes flyby waypoints, with flyover waypoints used only when operationally
required. These waypoints may be assigned crossing
altitudes and speeds to optimize the descent and deceleration profiles. RNAV STARs often are designed,
coordinated, and approved by a joint effort between
air carriers, commercial operators, and the ATC facilities that have jurisdiction for the affected airspace.
"Piper 6319K, cross PENNS Intersection at 6,000, maintain 6,000."
If you are at RACKI Intersection at
12,000 feet MSL, you must adjust your
rate of descent so you can reach 6,000
feet MSL in the distance available. At a
groundspeed of 180 knots (3 NM per
minute), you will reach PENNS
Intersection in approximately 8 minutes
(23 3 = 7.6). You must descend at least
750 feet per minute to cross PENNS at
6,000 feet MSL (6,000 8 = 750).
You are at HAYED Intersection at 12,000 feet MSL. Your planned rate of descent is 500 feet per minute and
your groundspeed is approximately 180 knots (3 NM per minute). You should begin your descent no less
than 36 NM from PENNS Intersection ([6,000 500] x 3 = 36).
Figure 4-22. Altitude Restrictions.
• If you are cleared using the phrase “descend via,”
the controller expects you to use the equipment for
both lateral and vertical navigation, as published
on the chart.
• The controller may also clear you to use the arrival
with specific exceptions—for example, “Descend
via the Haris One arrival, except cross Bruno at
one three thousand then maintain one zero thousand.” In this case, the pilot should track the
arrival both laterally and vertically, descending so
as to comply with all altitude and airspeed restrictions until reaching Bruno, and then maintain
10,000 feet until cleared by ATC to continue to
descend.
• Pilots might also be given direct routing to
intercept a STAR and then use it for vertical
navigation. For example, “proceed direct
Mahem, descend via the Mahem Two arrival.”
[Figure 4-23 on page 4-24]
Figure 4-24 on page 4-25 depicts typical RNAV STAR
leg (segment) types you can expect to see when flying
these procedures.
RNAV STAR procedure design, such as minimum leg
length, maximum turn angles, obstacle assessment
criteria, including widths of the primary and secondary
areas, use the same design criteria as RNAV DPs.
Likewise, RNAV STAR procedures are designated as
either Type A or Type B, based on the aircraft navigation
equipment required, flight crew procedures, and the
process and criteria used to develop the STAR. The Type
A or Type B designation appears in the notes on the
chart. Type B STARs have higher equipment requirements and, often, tighter RNP tolerances than Type A.
For Type B STARS, pilots are required to use a
CDI/flight director, and/or autopilot in LNAV mode
while operating on RNAV courses. (These requirements
are detailed in Chapter 2 of this book, under “RNAV
Departure Procedures.”) Type B STARs are generally
designated for high-traffic areas. Controllers may clear
you to use an RNAV STAR in various ways.
If your clearance simply states, “cleared Hadly One
arrival,” you are to use the arrival for lateral routing only.
　
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本文鏈接地址：Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)儀表程序手冊下(97)