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established for such purposes as ATC metering fixes,
holding points, RNAV-direct routing, gateway waypoints, STAR origination points leaving the en route
structure, and SID terminating points joining the en
route structure.
Fly-By (FB) Waypoint – A waypoint that requires the
use of turn anticipation to avoid overshooting the next
flight segment.
Fly-Over (FO) Waypoint – A waypoint that precludes
any turn until the waypoint is overflown, and is followed by either an intercept maneuver of the next flight
segment or direct flight to the next waypoint.
Four Corner Post Configuration – An arrangement of
air traffic pathways in a terminal area that brings
incoming flights over fixes at four corners of the traffic
area, while outbound flights depart between the fixes,
thus minimizing conflicts between arriving and departing traffic.
C-9
Gateway Fix – A navigational aid or fix where an aircraft transitions between the domestic route structure
and the oceanic route airspace.
Geodetic Datum – The reference plane from which
geodetic calculations are made. Or, according to ICAO
Annex 15, the numerical or geometrical quantity or set
of such quantities (mathematical model) that serves as a
reference for computing other quantities in a specific
geographic region such as the latitude and longitude of
a point.
Glidepath Angle (GPA) – The angular displacement of
the vertical guidance path from a horizontal plane that
passes through the reference datum point (RDP). This
angle is published on approach charts (e.g., 3.00º,
3.20º, etc.). GPA is sometimes referred to as vertical
path angle (VPA).
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) – An
umbrella term adopted by the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO) to encompass any independent satellite navigation system used by a pilot to
perform onboard position determinations from the
satellite data.
Gross Navigation Error (GNE) – In the North
Atlantic area of operations, a gross navigation error is a
lateral separation of more than 25 NM from the centerline of an aircraft’s cleared route, which generates an
Oceanic Navigation Error Report. This report is also
generated by a vertical separation if you are more than
300 feet off your assigned flight level.
Ground Communication Outlet (GCO) – An
unstaffed, remotely controlled ground/ground communications facility. Pilots at uncontrolled airports may
contact ATC and AFSS via Very High Frequency
(VHF) radio to a telephone connection. This lets pilots
obtain an instrument clearance or close a VFR/IFR
flight plan.
Head-Up Display (HUD) – See Head-Up Guidance
System (HGS)
Head-Up Guidance System (HGS) – A system which
projects critical flight data on a display positioned
between the pilot and the windscreen. In addition to
showing primary flight information, the HUD computes an extremely accurate instrument approach and
landing guidance solution, and displays the result as a
guidance cue for head-up viewing by the pilot.
Height Above Touchdown (HAT) – The height of the
DA above touchdown zone elevation (TDZE).
Highway in the Sky (HITS) – A graphically intuitive
pilot interface system that provides an aircraft operator
with all of the attitude and guidance inputs required to
safely fly an aircraft in close conformance to air traffic
procedures.
Initial Climb Area (ICA) – An area beginning at the
departure end of runway (DER) to provide unrestricted
climb to at least 400 feet above DER elevation.
Instrument Approach Waypoint – Fixes used in
defining RNAV IAPs, including the feeder waypoint
(FWP), the initial approach waypoint (IAWP), the
intermediate waypoint (IWP), the final approach waypoint (FAWP), the RWY WP, and the APT WP, when
required.
Instrument Landing System (ILS) – A precision
instrument approach system that normally consists of
the following electronic components and visual aids;
localizer, glide slope, outer marker, middle marker, and
approach lights.
Instrument Procedure with Vertical Guidance (IPV)
– Satellite or Flight Management System (FMS) lateral
navigation (LNAV) with computed positive vertical
guidance based on barometric or satellite elevation.
This term has been renamed APV.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) –
ICAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations
whose objective is to develop standard principles and
techniques of international air navigation and to promote development of civil aviation.
Intersection – Typically, the point at which two VOR
　
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