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or maintain the published heading that corresponds
with the extended centerline of the departure runway
(until otherwise instructed by ATC), and are not to
apply drift correction; e.g., RWY 4, actual magnetic
heading of the runway centerline 044.22º, fly 044º.
Runway Hotspots – Locations on a particular airport
that historically have hazardous intersections. Hot spots
alert pilots to the fact that there may be a lack of visibility at certain points or the tower may be unable to
see that particular intersection. Whatever the reason,
pilots need to be aware that these hazardous intersections exist and they should be increasingly vigilant
when approaching and taxiing through these intersections. Pilots are typically notified of these areas by a
Letter to Airmen or by accessing the FAA Office of
Runway Safety.
Runway Incursion – an occurrence at an airport
involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the
ground that creates a collision hazard or results in a loss
of separation with an aircraft that is taking off, intending to take off, landing, or intending to land.
Runway Safety Program (RSP) – Designed to create
and execute a plan of action that reduces the number of
runway incursions at the nation’s airports.
Runway Visual Range (RVR) – An estimate of the
maximum distance at which the runway, or the specified lights or markers delineating it, can be seen from a
position above a specific point on the runway centerline. RVR is normally determined by visibility sensors
or transmissometers located alongside and higher than
the centerline of the runway. RVR is reported in hundreds of feet.
Runway Visibility Value (RVV) – The visibility determined for a particular runway by a transmissometer. A
meter provides a continuous indication of the visibility
(reported in miles or fractions of miles) for the runway.
RVV is used in lieu of prevailing visibility in determining minimums for a particular runway.
Significant Point – [ICAO Annex 11] A specified geographical location used in defining an ATS route or the
flight path of an aircraft and for other navigation and
ATS purposes.
Special Instrument Approach Procedure – A procedure approved by the FAA for individual operators, but
not published in FAR 97 for public use.
Special Use Airspace Management System (SAMS)
– A joint FAA and military program designed to
improve civilian access to special use airspace by providing information on whether the airspace is active or
scheduled to be active. The information is available to
authorized users via an Internet website.
Standard Instrument Departure (SID) – An ATC
requested and developed departure route designed to
increase capacity of terminal airspace, effectively control the flow of traffic with minimal communication,
and reduce environmental impact through noise abatement procedures.
C-13
Takeoff Distance Available (TODA) – ICAO defines
TODA as the length of the takeoff runway available
plus the length of the clearway, if provided.
Takeoff Runway Available (TORA) – ICAO defines
TORA as the length of runway declared available and
suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane takeoff.
Tangent Point (TP) –The point on the VOR/DME
RNAV route centerline from which a line perpendicular
to the route centerline would pass through the reference
facility.
Terminal Arrival Area (TAA) – TAAs are the method
by which aircraft are transitioned from the RNAV en
route structure to the terminal area with minimal ATC
interaction. The TAA consists of a designated volume
of airspace designed to allow aircraft to enter a protected area, offering guaranteed obstacle clearance
where the initial approach course is intercepted based
on the location of the aircraft relative to the airport.
Threshold – The beginning of the part of the runway
usable for landing.
Top of Climb (TOC) – An identifiable waypoint representing the point at which cruise altitude is first
reached. TOC is calculated based on your current aircraft altitude, climb speed, and cruise altitude. There
can only be one TOC waypoint at a time.
Top of Descent (TOD) – Generally utilized in flight
management systems, top of descent is an identifiable
waypoint representing the point at which descent is first
initiated from cruise altitude. TOD is generally calculated using the destination elevation (if available) and
the descent speed schedule.
Touchdown and Lift-Off Area (TLOF) – The TLOF
is a load bearing, usually paved area at a heliport where
the helicopter is permitted to land. The TLOF can be
　
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本文鏈接地址：Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)儀表程序手冊(cè)下(187)