曝光臺 注意防騙 網曝天貓店富美金盛家居專營店坑蒙拐騙欺詐消費者

A clearance for an uncharted holding pattern contains additional information:
There are at least three items in a
clearance for a charted holding pattern:
• Direction to hold from the holding fix
• Holding fix
• Expect further clearance time
"...Hold southeast
of PINNE Intersection as published.
Expect further clearance at 1645."
• Direction to hold from holding fix
• Holding fix
• The holding course (a specified radial, magnetic bearing, airway or route number)
• The outbound leg length in minutes or nautical miles when DME is used
• Nonstandard pattern, if used
• Expect further clearance time
"...Hold west
of Horst Intersection
on Victor 8
5 mile legs
left turns
expect further clearance at 1430."
3-25
indicated airspeed (KIAS) have been designated for
specific altitude ranges [Figure 3-30]. Even so, some
holding patterns may have additional speed restrictions
to keep faster airplanes from flying out of the protected
area. If a holding pattern has a nonstandard speed
restriction, it will be depicted by an icon with the limiting airspeed. If the holding speed limit is less than you
feel is necessary, you should advise ATC of your
revised holding speed. Also, if your indicated airspeed
exceeds the applicable maximum holding speed, ATC
expects you to slow to the speed limit within three minutes of your ETA at the holding fix. Often pilots can
avoid flying a holding pattern, or reduce the length of
time spent in the holding pattern, by slowing down on
the way to the holding fix.
HIGH PERFORMANCE
HOLDING
Certain limitations come into
play when you operate at higher
speeds; for instance, aircraft do
not make standard rate turns in
holding patterns if the bank
angle will exceed 30 degrees. If
your aircraft is using a flight
director system, the bank angle
is limited to 25 degrees. Since
any aircraft must be traveling at
over 210 knots TAS for the bank
angle in a standard rate turn to
exceed 30 degrees, this limit
applies to relatively fast airplanes. An aircraft using a flight
director would have to be holding at more than 170 knots TAS
to come up against the 25
degrees limit. These true airspeeds correspond to indicated
airspeeds of about 183 and 156
knots, respectively, at 6,000
feet in a standard atmosphere
[Figure 3-31 on page 3-26].
Since some military airplanes
need to hold at higher speeds than the
civilian limits, the maximum at military
airfields is higher. For example, the
maximum holding airspeed at USAF
airfields is 310 KIAS.
FUEL STATE AWARENESS
In order to increase fuel state awareness,
commercial operators and other professional flight crews are required to record
the time and fuel remaining during IFR
flight. For example, on a flight scheduled
for one hour or less, the flight crew may
record the time and fuel remaining at the
top of climb (TOC) and at one additional
waypoint listed in the flight plan.
Generally, TOC is used in airplanes with a flight management system, and represents the point at which
cruise altitude is first reached. TOC is calculated based
on current airplane altitude, climb speed, and cruise
altitude. The captain may elect to delete the additional
waypoint recording requirement if the flight is so short
that the record will not assist in the management of the
flight. For flights scheduled for more than one hour, the
flight crew may record the time and fuel remaining
shortly after the top of climb and at selected waypoints
listed in the flight plan, conveniently spaced approximately one hour apart. The flight crew compares
actual fuel burn to planned fuel burn. Each fuel tank
must be monitored to verify proper burn off and
appropriate fuel remaining. On two pilot airplanes,
CHERRELYN
D
( H )117.2 CHL
V214
331°
269°
221°
126°
Figure 3-29. Clearance Limit Holding.
Figure 3-30. Maximum Holding Speed Examples.
Maximum Holding Airspeed: 200 KIAS
14,000'
MSL
6,000'
MSL
Maximum Holding Airspeed: 265 KIAS
Maximum Holding Airspeed: 230 KIAS
Minimum
Holding
Altitude
(MHA)
6,001'
MSL
14,001'
MSL
3-26
the pilot monitoring (PM) keeps the flight plan record.
On three pilot airplanes, the second officer and PM
coordinate recording and keeping the flight plan
record. In all cases, the pilot making the recording
communicates the information to the pilot flying.
　
中國航空網 www.k6050.com
航空翻譯 www.aviation.cn
本文鏈接地址：Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)儀表程序手冊下(73)