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other Mode S-equipped aircraft. The TIS system uses
track reports provided by ground-based Mode S surveillance systems to retrieve traffic information.
Because it is available to all Mode S transponders, TIS
offers an inexpensive alternative to TCAS. The increasing
availability of TIS makes collision avoidance technology
more accessible to the general aviation community.
Beginning in 2005, the use of Mode S TIS is being discontinued at some sites as the ground radar systems are
upgraded. In all, 23 sites are expected to lose TIS capability by 2012.
TERRAIN AWARENESS AND WARNING SYSTEM
The Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) is
an enhanced ground proximity warning capability being
installed in many aircraft. TAWS uses position data from
a navigation system, like GPS, and a digital terrain database to display surrounding terrain. TAWS equipment is
mandatory for all U.S registered turbine powered airplanes with six or more passenger seats. FAA and NTSB
studies have shown that a large majority of CFIT accidents could likely have been avoided had the aircraft
been equipped with enhanced ground proximity warning systems.
GRAPHICAL WEATHER SERVICE
The Graphical Weather Service provides a graphical representation of weather information that is transmitted to
aircraft and displayed on the cockpit display unit. The
service is derived from ground-based Mode S sensors
and offers information to all types of aircraft, regardless
of the presence of on-board weather avoidance equipment. The general aviation community has been very
pro-active in evaluating this technology, as they have
already participated in field evaluations in Mode S stations across the U.S. The service is provided through
one of two types of flight information services (FIS) systems. Broadcast only systems, called FIS-B, include a
ground- or space-based transmitter, an aircraft receiver,
and a portable or installed cockpit display device. They
allow pilots to passively collect weather and other operational data and to display that data at the appropriate
time. They can display graphical weather products such
as radar composite/mosaic images, temporary flight
restricted airspace and other NOTAMs. In addition to
graphical weather products, they can also show textual
information, such as Aviation Routine Weather Reports
(METARs)/Aviation Selected Special Weather Reports
(SPECIs) and Terminal Area Forecasts (TAFs).
Two-way FIS systems are request/reply systems, that is,
they permit the pilot to make specific requests for
weather and other operational information. An FIS service provider will then prepare a reply in response to that
specific request and transmit the product to that specific
aircraft for display in the cockpit.
Figure 1-14. Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System.
1-22
AVIONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION
The proliferation of advanced avionics and instrumentation has substantially increased the capabilities of
aircraft in the IFR environment.
FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
A flight management system (FMS) is a flight computer
system that uses a large database to allow routes to be
preprogrammed and fed into the system by means of a
data loader. The system is constantly updated with
respect to position accuracy by reference to conventional
navigation aids, inertial reference system technology, or
the satellite global positioning system. The sophisticated
program and its associated database ensures that the
most appropriate navigation aids or inputs are automatically selected during the information update cycle. A
typical FMS provides information for continuous automatic navigation, guidance, and aircraft performance
management, and includes a control display unit
(CDU). [Figure 1-15]
ELECTRONIC FLIGHT
INFORMATION SYSTEM
The electronic flight information system (EFIS) found in
advanced aircraft cockpits offer pilots a tremendous
amount of information on a colorful, easy-to-read display.
Glass cockpits are a vast improvement over the earlier generation of instrumentation. [Figure 1-16]
Primary flight, navigation, and engine information are
presented on large display screens in front of the flight
crew. Flight management CDUs are located on the center
console. They provide data display and entry capabilities
for flight management functions. The display units generate less heat, save space, weigh less, and require less power
than traditional navigation systems. From a pilot’s point of
view, the information display system is not only more
reliable than previous systems, but also uses advanced
liquid-crystal technology that allows displayed informa-
tion to remain clearly visible in all conditions, including
　
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