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of Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO) on
intersecting runways is one of the ways to increase the
number of arrivals and departures. Currently, LAHSO
operations are permitted only on dry runways under
acceptable weather conditions and limited to airports
where a clearance depends on what is happening on
the other runway, or where approved rejected landing
procedures are in place. A dependent procedure example is when a landing airplane is a minimum distance
from the threshold and an airplane is departing an
intersecting runway, the LAHSO clearance can be
issued because even in the event of a rejected landing,
separation is assured. It is always the pilot’s option to
reject a LAHSO clearance.
Working with ICAO, pilot organizations, and industry
groups, the FAA is developing new LAHSO procedures
that will provide increased efficiency while maintaining
safety. These procedures will address issues such as wet
runway conditions, mixed commercial and general aviation operations, the frequency of missed approaches, and
multi-stop runway locations. After evaluating the new
procedures using independent case studies, the revised
independent LAHSO procedures may be implemented in
the near future.
SURFACE MOVEMENT GUIDANCE
AND CONTROL SYSTEM
To enhance taxiing capabilities in low visibility conditions and reduce the potential for runway incursions,
improvements have been made in signage, lighting, and
markings. In addition to these improvements, airports
have implemented the Surface Movement Guidance and
Control System (SMGCS), 4
a strategy that requires a low
visibility taxi plan for any airport with takeoff or landing
operations with less than 1,200 feet RVR visibility conditions. This plan affects both aircrew and airport vehicle
operators, as it specifically designates taxi routes to and
from the SMGCS runways and displays them on a
SMGCS Low Visibility Taxi Route chart.
4
SMGCS, pronounced “SMIGS,” is the Surface Movement Guidance and Control System. SMGCS provides for guidance and control or
regulation for facilities, information, and advice necessary for pilots of aircraft and drivers of ground vehicles to find their way on the airport
during low visibility operations and to keep the aircraft or vehicles on the surfaces or within the areas intended for their use. Low visibility
operations for this system means reported conditions of RVR 1,200 or less.
Figure 1-17. Flow Control
Restrictions.
SMGCS is an increasingly important element in a seamless, overall gate-to-gate management concept to ensure
safe, efficient air traffic operations. It is the ground-complement for arrival and departure management and the
en route components of free flight. The FAA has supported several major research and development efforts
on SMGCS to develop solutions and prototype systems
that support pilots and ATC in their control of aircraft
ground operations.
EXPECT CHANGES IN THE ATC SYSTEM
To maintain air safety, ATC expects all aircraft to adhere
to a set of rules based on established separation standards. Until recently, air traffic controllers followed
established procedures based upon specific routes to
maintain the desired separations needed for safety. This
system has an excellent safety record for aircraft operations. Because of increases in the number of flights, the
availability of more accurate and reliable technologies,
and the inherent limitations of the existing system, there
will be many changes in the near future. Use of the free
flight concept where aircraft operators select paths, altitudes, and speeds in real time can maximize efficiency
and minimize operating costs. New technologies and
enhanced aircraft capabilities necessitate changes in
procedures, an increase in the level of automation
and control in the cockpit and in the ground system,
and more human reliance on automated information
processing, sophisticated displays, and faster data
communication.
DISSEMINATING
AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION
The system for disseminating aeronautical information
is made up of two subsystems, the Airmen’s Information
System (AIS) and the Notice to Airman (NOTAM)
System. The AIS consists of charts and publications.
The NOTAM system is a telecommunication system and
is discussed in later paragraphs. Aeronautical information disseminated through charts and publications
includes aeronautical charts depicting permanent baseline data and flight information publications outlining
baseline data.
IFR aeronautical charts include en route high altitude
conterminous U.S., and en route low altitude conterminous U.S., plus Alaska charts and Pacific Charts.
　
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