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or both ends are not available for landing or takeoff publish the declared distances in the A/FD. These include
takeoff runway available (TORA), takeoff distance
available (TODA), accelerate-stop distance available
(ASDA), and landing distance available (LDA). These
distances are calculated by adding to the full length of
paved runway, any applicable clearway or stopway, and
subtracting from that sum the sections of the runway
unsuitable for satisfying the required takeoff run, takeoff, accelerate/stop, or landing distance, as shown in
Figure 2-16 on page 2-14.
In a perfect world, the 40 to 1 slope would work for
every departure design; however, due to terrain and manmade obstacles, it is often necessary to use alternative
requirements to accomplish a safe, obstacle-free departure design. In such cases, the design of the departure
may incorporate a climb gradient greater than 200 feet
per NM, an increase in the standard takeoff minimums
to allow the aircraft to “see and avoid” the obstacles,
standard minimums combined with a climb gradient of
200 feet per NM or greater with a specified reduced runway length, or a combination of these options and a specific departure route. If a departure route is specified, it
must be flown in conjunction with the other options. A
published climb gradient in this case is based on the
ROC 24 percent rule. To keep the same ROC ratio as
standard, when the required climb gradient is greater
than 200 feet per NM, 24 percent of the total height
35'
152'
48'
96'
304'
400'
200'
1 NM 2 NM
10 NM
V186
Positive course guidance must be acquired
within 10 NM for straight departures and
within 5 NM. for departures requiring turns.
Required climb gradient
of 200 feet per NM
Obstacle Clearance
Surface (OCS)
Slope of 152 feet per NM or 40:1
Departure end
of the runway (DER)
Figure 2-15. Previous TERPS Design Criteria for Departure Procedures.
2-14
35'
152'
48'
96'
304'
400'
200'
1 NM 2 NM
10 NM
Required climb gradient
of 200 feet per NM
Obstacle Clearance
Surface (OCS)
Approach End of Runway (AER) – The first portion of
the runway available for landing. If the runway threshold
is displaced, the displaced threshold latitude/longitude
is the AER.
Slope of 152
feet per NM
or 40:1
15
Runway
Centerline Extended
Departure End of Runway (DER) – The end of runway
available for the ground run of an aircraft departure. The
end of the runway that is opposite the landing threshold,
sometimes referred to as the stop end of the runway.
Start End of Runway (SER) – The beginning of the
takeoff runway available.
Landing Distance Available (LDA) – The length of runway
that is declared available and suitable for the ground run
of an airplane landing.
Minimum Assumed
“at or above” Intended
Aircraft Climb Path
Initial Climb Area (ICA) – The ICA is the segment of the
departure procedure that starts at the DER and proceeds
along the runway centerline extended to allow the aircraft
sufficient distance to reach an altitude of 400 feet above DER
elevation, and to allow the establishment of positive course
guidance by all navigation systems. A typical straight
departure ICA extends 2-5 nautical miles from the DER along
the runway centerline extended. It is 500 feet wide each side
of the runway centerline at DER, then splays out at 15°.
Takeoff Runway Available (TORA) – The length
of runway declared available and suitable for
the ground run of an airplane takeoff.
Takeoff Distance Available (TODA) –The length
of the takeoff runway available plus the length
of the clearway, if provided.
Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA) –
The runway plus stopway length declared
available and suitable for the acceleration and
deceleration of an airplane aborting a takeoff.
First
Significant
Obstacle
Clearway
75 Meters
(247 Feet)
TORA
TODA
TORA
ASDA
Stopway
Positive Course Guidance (PCG) –
A continuous display of navigational
data that enables an aircraft to be
flown along a specific course line,
e.g., radar vector, RNAV, groundbased NAVAID. PCG must be
acquired within 10 NM for straight
departures and within 5 NM for
departures requiring turns.
Figure 2-16. New TERPS Design Criteria for Departure Procedures.
above the starting elevation gained by an aircraft departing to a minimum altitude to clear an obstacle that penetrates the OCS is the ROC. The required climb gradient
　
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