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Humorous tone ✔
Identify impediments to
goal attainment
Provide information prior
to request
✔
Anticipate change in the
situation
Anticipate need of other
team member
Ask for clarification of
tasks (the task is to…)
✔
Situation Awareness
Clarify roles (your job is
to…)
✔
DSTO-TR-1034
25
Project: Team Performance Measurement Date: 24/0/2000
Time: 2100-2300 Observer: VM Subject: OPS Cell
Assertiveness
Mission Analysis/
Decision Making
Adaptability/
Flexibility
Situation
Awareness
Communication
Leadership
Morale
Time
Duty Officer
Duty Clerk
Signals Officer
Duty Officer
Duty Clerk
Signals Officer
Duty Officer
Duty Clerk
Signals Officer
Duty Officer
Duty Clerk
Signals Officer
Duty Officer
Duty Clerk
Signals Officer
Duty Officer
Duty Clerk
Signals Officer
Duty Officer
Duty Clerk
Signals Officer
Comments
0:05:00
0:10:00
0:15:00
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0:25:00
0:30:00
0:35:30
0:40:00
0:45:30
0:50:00
0:55:00
1:00:00
1:05:00
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1:55:00
2:00:00
Total
Figure 7. Data sheet used for recording frequencies of team behaviours. Each time a behaviour
is observed, a code is entered in the relevant time interval. NB. Actual data sheet displayed
one hour per A4 page. This allowed boxes to easily fit codes.
8.1.3 Taskwork Category Parameters
8.1.3.1 Observable Task Behaviour
As was mentioned, the taskwork categories were not pre-determined. Goals and key
duties were identified on the first night, while nights 2-3 were spent assessing
whether it was possible to classify the tasks in terms of physical and cognitive load,
temporal organisation. It should be noted that the Officer in Charge, LOs, and Search
Cell were rarely present in the HQ meaning that observations of task work focussed
on OPS and INT.
The general roles of OPS and INT are described in Section 8.1.1. Because of the
limited time available for observations, and the focus on team behaviour, it was not
feasible to perform a detailed task analysis. Instead, it was only possible to produce
crude measures of workload. Table 6 details the factors and examples of the
observable actions. As can be seen, measuring physical load was relatively
straightforward, with activities coded into basic actions. It was also possible to
record details of how the task was performed, including mode of communication,
the medium used for transmission of communication, method by which
DSTO-TR-1034
26
communication was stored or displayed to group, as well as the origin/destination
of the action. Likewise, temporal load could be measured by calculating total time
taken to perform a specific task, as well as the sequence in which actions were
performed.
Table 6: Taskwork categories and observable behaviours
Factor Description Actions Mode/Medium/Storage/Origin/Destination
Physical Load
Manage Information
Operate equipment
Create message
Receive message
Read message
Forward message
Store/File message
Transcribe Information
Update Map
Use Phone
Use Radio
Operate computer
Text/verbal
Electronic/paper/manual
Overlays/Map, Status board,
meetings/orders groups, radio/CP logs
Higher/Lower/Cell
Temporal Load
Time taken to perform task
Sequence in which are actions performed
A critical element of examining taskwork is identifying behavioural indicators of
cognitive function, such as information processing and problem solving. This was a
far more difficult aspect of the observational data collection process, and requires
ongoing preliminary research. It may be the case that observational methods are not
a feasible way of generating such data, and that Applied Cognitive Task Analysis
(ACTA), as suggested by Klein (1997), is a more appropriate methodology. The only
drawback to using ACTA is that it requires lengthy structured interviews with
subject matter experts. Access to military personnel for an extended interview is
often not possible. The suggestion is for continued preliminary research on methods
of inferring cognitive processes and frustration using observational techniques. It
would also be valuable to further explore ACTA to assess whether it can be
conducted in a manner that reduces the amount of time required from military
　
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