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arbitrary, it has been shown to be useful as a “rule of thumb” for conducting
observational research projects (Lehner, 1979). To determine the duration
systematically, it is necessary to perform a saturation sample pilot study. This
involves observing everything for a week, identifying the points that give
representative coverage, then going back and observing these points to test whether
it is adequate. It must be noted that in a Defence setting, collecting the data necessary
to perform a saturation sample study is not usually possible. As a consequence,
wherever possible the above rule of thumb should be adopted.
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3.5 Developing a Behaviour Taxonomy
In general, the first step is to formulate a list of well-named, clearly defined
behaviours relevant to the research question. Important aspects of observational
research are the behaviour categories and data parameters. This requires knowledge
of the relevant literature, as well as preliminary observations in the research
environment. Knowing what has been done before may avoid unnecessary repetition
and may suggest possible methods of data collection. As will be discussed, a survey
of the literature on team performance suggests clearly defined team and task
categories. If, as is the current case, relevant categories have been suggested in the
literature, preliminary observations can be used to assess whether they are relevant
to the new context. If data is to be collected in a systematic fashion, the categories
must also be clearly defined. A precise operational definition must be written out to
ensure that observers do not drift from the original definition, and to enable other
researchers to use the same system.
Generally, a select number of behaviours must be chosen to reduce the chances of
being swamped while observing. During data analysis, the behaviours are often
collapsed into function categories, or factors. It should be noted that there is a degree
of arbitrariness to this process. As will be discussed, inter-observer ratings improve
the reliability of information.
Once the relevant behaviours have been established, it is necessary to determine
what data parameters are important. For example, is it important to know how often
the behaviour occurs, how much time is spent in a behaviour, how long a bout of
behaviour lasts once it is triggered, and/or what sequences of behaviour are
important. It is also necessary to determine whether the identification of individuals
is important, or whether it is the overall level of a particular behaviour within a
group that is the critical parameter. If the focus is on social dynamics, individuals
need to be identified. However, if the goal is to delineate tasks within a cell,
individual data may not be necessary.
Once these issues are established, it is valuable to determine whether the research
question is answerable with the data parameters chosen. This involves analysing
some data as early as possible. It may be necessary to refine or even dramatically
alter techniques. For example, collection may be focusing on rate of behaviour, when
analysis shows that duration was a more appropriate measure. Something that can
happen with inexperienced observers is that they leave data analysis until
observations are complete, only to discover that the question remains unanswered.
Once preliminary observations are complete, developing a taxonomy is the first step
in systematic observational research (it may even be the entire purpose.) Defining the
behaviours is an essential aspect, but the detail depends on the specific question. The
objective may be a comparison of two or more communication architectures with
respect to qualitative and quantitative aspects of behaviour. Alternatively, it may be
to develop a taxonomy of what exists to assist in the design of an appropriate
decision support aid.
Several ways of describing behaviour may be used in a taxonomy. The physical
description of behaviour may be “molecular”. This includes minute detail of muscle
or skeletal action. Alternatively, it can be “molar”. A molar description of “walk”
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might be a slow, quadrupedal locomotion. Behaviour can also be described in terms
of its consequences. That is, it is defined in terms of effects. For example, “approach”
has the effect of decreasing the distance between two subjects, regardless of how the
action was performed.
A behaviour taxonomy might be restricted to discrete categories of behaviour, or if
detailed sequences are not of interest, some tasks may be recorded as single units (for
example, “issue command”). This compares to recording detail of the actions
　
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