曝光臺(tái) 注意防騙 網(wǎng)曝天貓店富美金盛家居專營店坑蒙拐騙欺詐消費(fèi)者

hundred and one, ahh, runway three-four right full length. {Yes}. Flap
will get down after going to the end of the runway, {Roger} uhh check
control, well, do a static takeoff.
4. PF:
{PM}:
えー、風(fēng)は二百五十度十knot ですね。{はい}。にーきゅー
はちーきゅー、set。えー、NOTAM は、なし。えー、七百一番
から、えー、runway three-four right full length。 {はい}。
Flap は、runway のend までいってからおろして、{了解}、え
ーcontrol check して、えーstatic takeoff を行います。
えー、RTO に関して。 ‘Before eighty’は、any malfunction 、
えー、reject。えー‘Eighty
Let’s see… About RTO. At ‘before eighty’, (with) any malfunction, ah..,
(the takeoff will be) rejected. Ahh, as for ‘eighty to V one’, reject (the
take-off) will be held at engine fail and also fire. {Yes}. And then, when I
would judge that something such as master warning which cause critical
troubles in continuation of departure, (we are) going reject (the takeoff).
{Yes}.
to V one’ に関しては、engine fail、
それから、fire もreject します。 {はい}。それからmaster
warning 等、離陸の継続に重大な支障があると判斷した場合
には、reject します。{はい}。
Regarding ‘after V one’, (we will) follow reference procedure, and uhh..,
then (do) right turn at three-hundred feet. Ahh…, (we) will be using opai.{
Roger}
5. PF:
{PM}:
‘After V one’に関しては、reference procedure をfollow して、
えー、三百feet のright turn。えー、オーパイを使っていきま
す。{了解。}
languages. The mixing of Japanese and English is also
evident.
While conducting this takeoff briefing, the pilots refer to and
gesture toward dispatch papers, a chart of the engine-failure
“reference procedure” for Runway 34R of HANEDA airport,
a HANEDA airport map, and information on various flight
deck displays.
The switching between Japanese and English may appear
chaotic, but there are powerful regularities in this data.
Virtually all of the words that were spoken in English in this
briefing are either technical aviation terms or are read directly
from English language text presentations in the pilots’
environment. Numbers are read from displays in Japanese
except runway number which is always communicated to
ATC in English and “eighty” and “V one” which are required
English language verbal callouts made during the takeoff roll.
That is, in this language ecology, concepts are represented in
English when the environment provides the representation in
English or when English representation is required for
coordination with institutional contexts that have made prior
commitments to English.
Making English Less Foreign
As shown in Table 1, Japanese pilots are trained to use
English aviation terms. For example, in general, pilots say
“Autopilot,” “Auto throttle,” “Altitude,” “Speed,”
“Runway,” “Flaps,” “Navigation display,” “Take off,”
“Approach,” and so on in English, even though
corresponding Japanese terms are available.
The term “o-pai” in line 5 of the translation part of Table 1 is
interesting. It is an example of one of many language use
practices that make English language less foreign. The
Japanese pilot community has created a new set of aviation
terms by applying Japanese conventions for abbreviation to
aviation English technical terms. “O-pai” is a hybrid
abbreviation of the English “autopilot.” Other Japanese-style
abbreviations include “Gene” for Generator Switch, “Hydro
Pre” for Hydraulic Pressure Switch, “Ereki Gene off” for
Electric Generator off, and “Cabin Auto Inopure” for Cabin
Auto Inoperative. These abbreviations are part of a much
larger class of shortened technical terms that appear in other
contexts of Japanese life, for example, “Paso-con” for
personal computer. The shortened technical terms are
invariably borrowed from other languages, but they are
spoken using the Japanese sound system. The syllable
boundaries of these shortened terms do not match English
language syllable boundaries. For example, the syllable
boundaries in the English word generator are ‘gen.er.a.tor’,
but the shortened Japanese form is ‘ge.ne.’
We found no evidence that acronyms or abbreviations are
problematic for Japanese crews. Even though these
acronyms and abbreviations are based in English language
words and phrases, it appears that they are only rarely
　
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