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acceleration with a transverse anterior-posterior (chest to back) resultant force.
ICAO Preliminary Unedited Version — October 2008 II-1-18
To guide the medical examiner in the proper assessment of applicants for medical certification,
speech tests in neutral noise as well as aviation noise have been described elsewhere in this manual (see
Part III, Chapter 11).
FLIGHT CREW WORKLOAD AND
ITS EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE
Fatigue
Many working and environmental conditions lead to fatigue, affecting people in a multiplicity of ways.
Individual responses to fatigue are significantly different.
Fatigue may be transient and/or cumulative. Transient fatigue is normally experienced by a healthy
individual following a period of work, exertion or excitement, and it is normally alleviated by a single
period of sleep. Cumulative fatigue may occur after delayed or incomplete recovery or as the after-effect
of more than normal amounts of work, exertion or excitement without sufficient recuperation.
Workload fatigue, as it affects flight crews, may have a significant effect in reducing performance.
Some of the causes contributing to workload fatigue are the cockpit layout, the hours of work and other
specific factors as follows: beginning and end of last flight, duration of rest time between present and last
flight, duration of sleep during this rest period, the time of commencement of pre-flight briefing,
problems arising during briefing, delays preceding departure, timing of flights, meteorological conditions,
quality and quantity of radio communication, visibility during descent, glare and protection from sun,
turbulence, and technical and personal problems. One Contracting State found that what flight crew
described as “hassle”, meaning anything that caused a non-routine situation, was fatiguing.
Continuous technological developments are being pursued; seating, instrumentation, lighting, cockpit
design, climatic conditions in the cabin and radio communications equipment are being further improved.
An important contributing factor to fatigue in aviation operations is the disruption of circadian
rhythms. Time zone displacements without sufficient adjustment time might seriously impair the
performance of personnel engaged in aviation duties. Many organic functions are periodic - their rhythm
determined by both internal and external phenomena - for instance sleep-wake cycles, respiration, body
temperature, endocrine functions and physical and psychological performance. All these functions show a
24-hour cyclic pattern. Transmeridian flights crossing time zones affect the specific patterns and
periodicity for travellers.
One of the most common causes of fatigue in aviation has to do with the scheduling of flight crews.
Mental and physical conditions might influence the appearance and severity of fatigue, the end result
being a lowered efficiency and impaired performance.
In this particular connection, care should be taken by appropriate authorities to ensure that good
quality rest facilities are provided for air crew at stations away from their bases. This is an important
measure to diminish the effects of fatigue.
Several self-imposed stresses can be mentioned as contributory causes leading to fatigue: of
paramount importance in this respect are drugs, alcohol, tobacco, poor sleep hygiene, inadequate diet, and
the general state of health of the licence holder.
ICAO Preliminary Unedited Version — October 2008 II-1-19
Consideration should be given not only to the routine operational conditions, but also to those
situations when there is an increased demand for mental and physical ability to cope with emergency
situations and periods of peak workloads (e.g. missed approach, aborted take-off and, for ATC officers,
high density towers, heavy traffic).
Particular reference is made in the above considerations to results of studies showing that a fatigued
pilot can concentrate effectively enough on a principal task but has reduced ability to cope with extra
stimuli or secondary tasks which may arise.
To ensure that fatigue of licence holders does not endanger the safety of a flight, regulatory
documents specify limitations of flight time and flight duty periods (see further Part I, Chapter 1).
However, it is true to say that prevention of fatigue is an issue that requires further work by many
regulatory authorities.
FURTHER READING
DeHart, R.L., Davis, J.R. Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, 3rd edition. Lippencott, Williams and
Wilkins,Philadelphia, 2002
Rainford, D.J., Gradwell, D.P. eds. Ernsting’s Aviation Medicine. Hodder Arnold, London, 2006.
Roesler S et al. Calculation of radiation fields in the atmosphere and comparison to experimental data.
　
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