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E. Machine Readable Travel Documents
Border controls and identity management, while being traditionally a law enforce-ment matter, have direct implications to the modern security agenda worldwide. While effective border and identity controls cannot eliminate terrorism and related trans-border crime per se, they can reduce the threats dramatically and offer a powerful tool to mitigate and counter such threats. The use of false identities and fraudulent travel documents remains an important modus operandi that tends to be exploited by trans-border criminal networks. The terrorist attacks, including the 9/11, Bali atrocities, London and Madrid bombings, further highlighted the
416Unof.cial letterby IATA dated 26 August 2002 (not published). 417Chicago Convention, Art.13: “The laws and regulations of a contracting State as to the admission to or departure from its territory of passengers, crew or cargo of aircraft, such as the regulations relating to entry, clearance, immigration, passports, customs, and quarantine shall be
complied with by or on behalf of such passengers, crew or cargo upon entrance into or departure from, or while within the territory of that State”. 418Chicago Convention, Art.1: “The contracting States recognize that every State has complete
and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory”.
importance of travel document security and identity management for preventing and combating these acts.
ICAO develops standards, speci.cations and recommended practices for the issuing and reading machine-readable passports and other travel documents to promote ef.cient facilitation, increase the reliability of travel documents, and con-tribute to national and international security.419 While ICAOContractingStates have an obligation to implement the standards, it has been recognized that some States may lack the capacity to comply and require technical assistance from the interna-tional community. In this context, ICAO and partner agencies have been deploying outreach and capacity building efforts to promote the adoption of ICAO standards, speci.cations and best practices, and to assist States in need of helpand guidance.
The Implementation and Capacity Building Working Group (ICBWG) of the TAG/MRTD420 has been created to help develop and implementation of these technical assistance initiatives in priority areas. In particular, recognizing that States that do not yet issue machine-readable passports may lack the necessary technical knowledge or .nancial resources, ICAO has launched a plan of action called the “Universal Implementation of Machine Readable Travel Documents” to help them meet the new standard. Support offered under this plan includes: techni-cal assistance to apply the ICAO.
ICAO’s capacity-building work worldwide is closely linked with the technical cooperation facilitation efforts by the UN Security Council’s Counter-Terrorism Committee with particular reference to the implementation of the UN Security Council’s Resolution 1373 (2001). Resolution 1373 constitutes a landmark in international efforts to .ght terrorism by creating formal obligations to all 191 UN Member States to join efforts in building their capacity to prevent and combat terrorism. In particular, Resolution 1373 creates an obligation to member States to “prevent the movement of terrorists or terrorist groups by effective border controls and controls on issuance of identity papers and travel documents, and through measures for preventing counterfeiting, forgery or fraudulent use of identity papers and travel documents.”421 In addition, it also calls upon all States to “.nd ways of intensifying and accelerating the exchange of operational information, especially regarding actions or movements of terrorist persons or networks” and “forged or falsi.ed travel documents.” Those obligations and ongoing counter-terrorist capac-ity-building efforts have been reinforced by Resolution 1624 (2005) which calls further upon all States to cooperate, inter alia, to strengthen the security of their international borders, including by combating fraudulent travel documents and, to
　
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