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C. The Rome Convention of 1952
future impact of aircraft noise and aircraft engine emissions and to continue to develop tools for this purpose; and to disseminate information on the present and future impact of aircraft noise and aircraft engine emissions and on ICAO policy and guidance material in the environmental .eld, in an appropriate manner, such as through regular reporting and workshops.
States are invited by Resolution A35-5 to continue their active support for ICAO’s environment-related activities on all appropriate occasions and to provide, together with international organizations the necessary scienti.c information to enable ICAO to substantiate its work in this .eld. They are urged to refrain from unilateral environmental measures that would adversely affect the orderly development of international civil aviation. The Resolution also encourages the Council to pursue co-operative arrangements with the United Nations Environment Programme for the execution of environmental projects .nanced by the United Nations Environment Fund if and when it deems this desirable.
With regard to aircraft noise the Resolution contains new guidance material on a balanced approach to noise management and on land-use planning and manage-ment. On the subject of aircraft engine emissions, there are new guidance material on operational opportunities to minimize fuel use and reduce emissions and to take account of further work undertaken on emission-related levies and emissions trading.
In the context of seeking justi.cation for the modi.cation of the Rome Conven-tion as amended in 1978, the main consideration must be environmental protection and reparation for damage caused by aircraft operations on the environment. The 35th Session of the ICAO Assembly, reviewed the progress that had been made over the years in ICAO’s work in the environmental .eld, on both aircraft noise and the impact of aircraft engine emissions. The Assembly noted that, regarding noise, ICAO had developed new guidance for States on a balanced approach to aircraft noise management consisting of four principal elements: reduction at source; land-use planning and management; noise abatement operational procedures; and operating restrictions. With regard to aircraft engine emissions the Assembly noted that there were concerns about the impact of emissions at the local level, on local air quality in the vicinity of some of the world’s airports. There were also concerns about the impact at the global level, on climate change. ICAO’s work on emissions is based on three main approaches:
(a)
Improving technology and tightening standards so that aircraft produce less emissions. There is a particular focus on oxides of nitrogen (NOx). It is worthy of note that the ICAO Council has reduced the permitted levels of NOx twice, and is currently considering proposals for a further reduction.

(b)
Identifying operational  measures that will reduce fuel consumption, which results in less emissions. ICAO has recently published guidance to States on this subject.206

(c)
Exploring the possible use of market-based measures. These include voluntary

206Circular 303, Operational Opportunities to Minimise Fuel Use and Reduce Emissions.
measures, emissions trading and emissions-related levies, which are charges and taxes.207

Studies are being undertaken at ICAO to determine whether greenhouse gas charges would be an appropriate approach to market based measures. One of the drawbacks to this approach is that there are a considerable number of outstanding issues on which States’ views differ widely. For example, many States question the cost-effectiveness of charges. The Assembly therefore agreed that studies should continue in this area of work. It was understood that States will not introduce greenhouse gas emissions charges internationally during the next three years and the matter will be discussed again at the 36th Session of Assembly in 2007. However, the agreement leaves room for some countries to introduce market based measures amongst themselves under certain circumstances if they wish. It must be noted that some States in Europe have introduced charges at the local level to address problems associated with local air quality in the vicinity of airports. This matter will also be studied more closely by ICAO over the next three years.208
　
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