Contents

1 A Security Culture ......................................................... 1

A. A Risk-Based Approach ............................................... 1

B. The ICAO Response ................................................... 2

I. The ICAO High-Level Ministerial Conference ................ 2

II. Post Conference Work ......................................... 7

C. Emerging Threats ...................................................... 9

I. Probability ...................................................... 9

II. Reacting to Probability ........................................ 10

III.  Deterrence ..................................................... 13

IV.  Problems of Deterrence ....................................... 14

V. Threat Assessment in ICAO .................................. 16

VI.  The AVSEC Panel ............................................ 19

VII. Bioterrorism ................................................... 21

VIII. Cyber-Terrorism .............................................. 24

IX.  MANPADS .................................................... 25

X. The Diverse Nature of Missile Attacks ....................... 29

XI.  Installation of an Anti-missile System ........................ 32

XII. The Perimeter Guard .......................................... 32

XIII. International Accord .......................................... 33

XIV. Other Current Threats ......................................... 36
References .................................................................. 36

2 Principles of Responsibility ............................................... 39

A. State Responsibility ................................................... 39

I. Principles of State Responsibility ............................. 42

II. The Theory of Complicity .................................... 42

III.  Mechanisms for Extradition of Offenders: The Lockerbie Case ........................................... 43
IV.  The Condonation Theory ..................................... 48

V. The Role of Knowledge ....................................... 51

VI. Pro.ling of Passengers ........................................ 54

VII. Airport Pro.ling ............................................... 55

VIII. Pro.ling and the Right of Privacy ............................ 58

B. Other Aspects of Responsibility ...................................... 61

I.  Prelude to the Rome Convention of 1952 .................... 61

II.  The Rome Convention of 1952 ............................... 66

C. The Rome Convention of 1952 ....................................... 70

I.  Background .................................................... 70

II.  Insurance ...................................................... 71

III. Provisions of the Convention ................................. 77

IV. The Montreal Protocol of 1978 ............................... 80

V. Modernizing the Rome Convention .......................... 81
References .................................................................. 91

3 Initiatives of the Early Twenty-.rst Century ........................... 93

A. The Two Liability Conventions ....................................... 93

I.  The General Risks Convention ............................... 93

II.  The Unlawful Interference Compensation Convention .................................................... 96
B. Innovative Security Tools ............................................. 98

I.  Biometric Identi.cation ..................................... 109

II.  Public Key Directory ........................................ 109

C. Advance Passenger Information ..................................... 121
　
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