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282The International Civil Aviation Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations, was established by Article 44 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention), signed at Chicago on 7 December 1944 (ICAO Doc 7300/8, Eighth Edition, 2000). The main objectives of ICAO are to develop the principles and techniques of international air navigation and to foster the planning and development of air transport. ICAO has 190 Contracting States.
283A passport asserts that the person holding the passport is a citizen of the issuing State while a visa con.rms that the State issuing the visa has granted the visa holder the non-citizen privilege of entering and remaining in the territory of the issuing State for a speci.ed time and purpose. The machine readable passport (MRP) is a passport that has both a machine readable zone and a visual zone in the page that has descriptive details of the owner. The machine readable zone enables rapid machine clearance, quick veri.cation and instantaneous recording of personal data. Besides these advantages, the MRP also has decided security bene.ts, such as the possibility of matching very quickly the identity of the MRP owner against the identities of undesirable persons, whilst at the same time offering strong safeguards against alteration, counterfeit or forgery. Abeyratne(1992, pp. 1–31).
284To “verify” means to perform a one-to-one match between proffered biometric data obtained from the holder of the travel document at the time of inquiry with the details of a biometric template created when the holder enrolled in the system.
285“Global interoperability” means the capability of inspection systems (either manual or auto-mated) in different States throughout the world to exchange data, to process data received from systems in other States, and to utilize that data in inspection operations in their respective states. Global interoperability is a major objective of the standardized speci.cations for placement of both eye-readable and machine-readable data in all MRTDs.
B. Innovative Security Tools 111
details in the document do provide accurate veri.cation of facts. Fourthly, the technology used has to be practical and not give rise to the need for applying disparate types of support technology at unnecessary cost and inconvenience to the user. The .nal goal is to ensure that the technology used will be suf.ciently up todate for at least 10 years and also be backwardly compatible with new techniques to be introduced in the future.
Biometrics target the distinguishing physiological or traits of the individual by measuring them and placing them in an automated repository such as machine encoded representations created by computer software algorithms that could make comparisons with the actual features. Physiological biometrics that have been found to successfully accommodate this scienti.c process are facial recognition, .ngerprinting and iris-recognition which have been selected by ICAO as being the most appropriate. The biometric identi.cation process is fourfold: .rstly involving the capture or acquisition of the biometric sample; secondly extracting or convert-ing the raw biometric sample obtained into an intermediate form; and thirdly creating templates ofthe intermediate data is converted into a template for storage; and .nally the comparison stage where the information offered by the travel document with that which is stored in the reference template.
Biometric identi.cation gets into gear each time an MRTD holder enters or exists the territory286 of a State and when the State veri.es his identity against the images or templates created at the time his travel document was issued. This measure not only ensures that theholder of the document is the legitimate claimant to that document and to whom it was issued, but also enhances the ef.cacy of any advance passenger information (API)287 system used by the State to pre-determine the arrivals to its territory. Furthermore, matching biometric data presented in the form of the data contained in the template accurately ascertains as to whether the travel document has been tampered with or not.Athree way check, which matches the biometrics with those stored in the template carried in the document and a central database, is an even more ef.cacious way of determining the genuineness of a travel document. The .nal and most ef.cient biometric check is when a four
　
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