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1.3.1.2 There are five key activities associated with a type certification process, namely:
a)  establishing the certification basis;
b)  establishing the means or methods of compliance;
c)  demonstration and findings of compliance;
d)  certifying the type design; and
e)  post-type certification activities.
1.3.2  Establishing the certification basis
a)  The major components of a certification basis are the Airworthiness and Environmental Standards, including if any, special conditions (SC) of airworthiness, findings of equivalent level of safety, and exemptions.
b)  In the application form for a Type Certificate, the applicant would have already proposed the airworthiness and applicable environmental Standards to which he intends to show compliance. Depending on the type design, additional airworthiness or operational requirements may be imposed by the State of Design, or an applicant may be required to show that the product meets additional standards in order to receive type certification in another State due to differences in requirements. All these requirements are established collectively to become the certification basis. The applicant should participate in any ACD discussion concerning the certification basis, but it remains the ultimate responsibility of the State of Design to review, decide, and establish that the certification basis is appropriate for the type design.
c)  Once the certification basis has been established, it  should be confirmed in writing by the ACD to the applicant and preserved throughout the validity period of the application for a Type Certificate (see Section 1.2.4 of this Part, Validity Period of an Application)
d)  It should be noted that while the certification basis is established very early in the type certification programme, the final certification basis of an aeronautical product may, in some cases, end up being different from that initially established during the initial TCB meeting (see guidance in Section 1.2.5.3 of this Part, Major Activities of the Board). The differences may come when the ACD issues SC of airworthiness, findings of equivalent level of safety (FES), or an exemption. The need for the issuance of an SC, FES, or an exemption as part of the certification basis is usually identified by the applicant to the ACD at the beginning of the type certification project. However, the need may not be obvious at the beginning and becomes evident only during the course of the actual type certification. At the conclusion of the type certification activity, the ACD should identify all FES, exemptions and other voluntary compliance that transpired during the certification period in order that these activities may be recorded in the Type Certificate as part of the final certification basis.
1.3.2.1 Airworthiness Standards
The applicable airworthiness standards for a Type Certificate are those that are in effect on the date of application for a Type Certificate, meaning the latest amendment level. Airworthiness Standards are amended from time to time to improve the overall level of safety inherent in these Standards. At the time of application, it is generally regarded that the latest amendment level of a Standard offers the highest level of safety for the product, and the intent is to certify the type design to this level. If after the application date, subsequent amendments to the standards become available, the ACD should promote further enhancement of the level of safety by encouraging the applicant to voluntarily comply with those newer Standards.
1.3.2.2  Environmental Standards
In addition to the Annex 8 airworthiness requirements, Annex 16 — Environmental Protection, requires States to perform certification on certain environmental aspects of civil aircraft and engines intended for use or operation in international air navigation. The applicable environmental Standards for aircraft and engines are those defined in Annex 16 that are in effect on the date of application for a Type Certificate. States that have not adopted or accepted Annex 16 as their environmental Standards may use other standards provided it is at least equal to the stringency of Annex 16.
　
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