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a)  Noise Emissions Change. Any change in the type design of an aircraft which may increase the noise levels of that aircraft;
b)  Engine Emissions Change. Any change in the type design of the engine which may increase the exhaust smoke and gaseous levels of that engine; and/or
c)  Fuel Venting Change. Any change in the type design of the aircraft or engine which may
affect the certification related to prevention of intentional fuel venting into the
atmosphere.
5.4 Approval activities
Note.— Reference is made throughout this Section to the requirements of the State of Registry. When the State of the Operator is not the same as the State of Registry, it may be necessary to consider any additional requirements of the State of the Operator.
5.4.1 General
5.4.1.1 The main objective of the approval process is for a State to determine for itself the overall compliance of a proposed modification with their applicable airworthiness and environmental standards, such that the affected aeronautical product, when modified, will continue to have a valid and approved type design. This objective applies to the State of Design and State of Registry, both having the responsibility to establish satisfactory evidence of approval of modification of an aircraft that has been issued a Type Certificate and/or a Certificate of Airworthiness under Annex 8.
5.4.1.2 There are five (5) key activities associated with a modification, namely:
a) Establishing a certification basis;
b) Establishing the means or methods of compliance;
c) Demonstration and findings of compliance;
d) Approving the modification; and
e) Post-approval activities.
5.4.2   Establishing a certification basis
5.4.2.1  General
5.4.2.1.1 The type certificate data sheet of an aircraft, engine or propeller identifies the detailed certification basis by which the type design of that product was approved. The major components of a certification basis are the airworthiness and environmental standards, including if any, special conditions of airworthiness, findings of equivalent level of safety, and exemptions. For most States, the approval procedure remains at ensuring that a modified aircraft, engine, or propeller continues to comply with the certification basis recorded in the type certificate data sheet. However, ICAO encourages States to undertake activities for enhancing safety in civil aviation and, among other things, promoting an airworthiness policy of approving modifications to a level of safety higher than that intended by its original certification basis. This policy requires that modifications demonstrate compliance with design standards that are in effect on the date of application, or with later amendments to the design standards recorded on the type certificate data sheet, whenever the State deems that such policy will result in a material contribution to the safety of the modified product and is practical (cost-effective and feasible). The effect of such policy is a progressive upgrading of the inherent levels of safety of products to the greatest extent practicable, as it undergoes several modifications throughout its service or operational life. For the purpose of this Section, only the procedures for implementing ICAO’s Standards on modifications are discussed herein.
Note.— It should be noted that beginning in 2003, several States of Design have codified into their national regulations a similar or equivalent airworthiness policy that makes it mandatory for significant changes (see Section 5.3.2 of this Part, Major Modification Category) to demonstrate compliance with the latest airworthiness standards, unless an exception could be justified to the CAA. The policy implementation may exclude certain types of aircraft or other modifications where the resulting increase in safety on the modified area(s) does not significantly enhance the overall safety of the complete aircraft, engine, or propeller. As an example, these States excluded applications to minor modifications, repairs, major modifications to appliances or components, or to Not Significant Design Changes. The exclusion may allow for continued compliance with the existing certification basis. Contracting States that implemented these procedures in their regulations refer to this requirement as the “Changed Product Rule”, or CPR.
　
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