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in illustrating the stability of the aircraft. It is difficult for
students to learn a maneuver properly if they seldom have
the opportunity to correct an error.
On the other hand, students may perform a procedure or
maneuver correctly but not fully understand the principles and
objectives involved. If the instructor suspects this, students
should be required to vary the performance of the maneuver
or procedure slightly. The maneuver or procedure may also
be combined with other operations, or the same elements
could be applied to the performance of other maneuvers or
procedures. Students who do not understand the principles
involved will probably not be able to successfully complete
the revised maneuver or procedure.
Aviation Instructors and Exams
Knowledge Test
When preparing a student or applicant for the private
pilot certification or higher grade rating (i.e., commercial
or instrument) a test is required to ensure the student has
adequate aeronautical knowledge in those subject areas listed
in 14 CFR part 61. The instructor may provide the student
with an endorsement to certify he or she has the required
knowledge to pass the test. Some additional ratings do not
require a test. For information concerning additional aircraft
certifications that do not require knowledge tests, refer to AC
61-65, Certification: Pilots and Flight and Ground Instructors.
Flight instructors must take a short test for each additional
category.
An instructor should remember he or she is held accountable
for a deficient instructional performance. This is important
for any instructor who signs recommendations for applicants
who were not trained by that instructor.
If the applicant fails a test, the aviation instructor must sign
the test after he or she has provided additional training in the
areas the applicant failed. The applicant is given a retest. Prior
to certification, the aviation instructor must make a statement
7-9
that he or she gave the required training in the preceding 60
days and the instructor reviewed those areas of deficiency
on the applicant’s knowledge test.
Practical Test
Provision is made on the airman certificate or rating
application form for the written recommendation of the flight
instructor who has prepared the applicant for the practical
test involved. Signing this recommendation imposes a serious
responsibility on the flight instructor. A flight instructor
who makes a practical test recommendation for an applicant
seeking a certificate or rating should require the applicant
to thoroughly demonstrate the knowledge and skill level
required for that certificate or rating. This demonstration
should in no instance be less than the complete procedure
prescribed in the applicable PTS.
When the instructor endorses the applicant for the practical
test, his or her signature on the FAA form 8710-1 Airman
Certificate and/or Rating Application is valid for 60 days.
This is also true with the flight proficiency endorsement that
is placed in the applicant’s logbook or training record (AC61-65). These two dates should be the same.
Completion of prerequisites for a practical test is another
instructor task that must be documented properly. Examples
of all common endorsements can be found in the current
issue of AC 61-65, appendix 1. This appendix also includes
references to 14 CFR part 61 for more details concerning the
requirements that must be met to qualify for each respective
endorsement. The examples shown contain the essential
elements of each endorsement. It is not necessary for all
endorsements to be worded exactly as those in the AC. For
example, changes to regulatory requirements may affect the
wording, or the instructor may customize the endorsement
for any special circumstances of the applicant. However, at
a minimum, the instructor needs to cite the appropriate 14
CFR part 61 section that has been completed.
If a flight instructor fails to ensure a student pilot or additional
rating pilot meets the requirements of regulations prior
to making endorsements to allow solo flight or additional
rating, that instructor is exhibiting a serious deficiency
in performance. The FAA holds him or her accountable.
Providing a solo endorsement for a student pilot who is
not proficient for solo flight operations, or providing an
endorsement for an additional rating for a pilot not meeting
the appropriate regulatory requirements, is also a breach of
faith with the student or applicant.
　
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