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Step 1: Identify the Hazard
A hazard is defined as any real or potential condition that
can cause degradation, injury, illness, death, or damage to or
loss of equipment or property. Experience, common sense,
and specific analytical tools help identify risks.
Step 2: Assess the Risk
The assessment step is the application of quantitative and
qualitative measures to determine the level of risk associated
with specific hazards. This process defines the probability and
severity of an accident that could result from the hazards based
upon the exposure of humans or assets to the hazards.
Step 3: Analyze Risk Control Measures
Investigate specific strategies and tools that reduce, mitigate,
or eliminate the risk. All risks have two components:
1. Probability of occurrence
2. Severity of the hazard
Effective control measures reduce or eliminate at least one
of these. The analysis must take into account the overall
costs and benefits of remedial actions, providing alternative
choices if possible.
Step 4: Make Control Decisions
Identify the appropriate decision-maker. That decision-maker
must choose the best control or combination of controls,
based on the analysis of steps 1 and 2.
9-4
Step 5: Implement Risk Controls
A plan for applying the selected controls must be formulated,
the time, materials, and personnel needed to put these
measures in place must be provided.
Step 6: Supervise and Review
Once controls are in place, the process must be reevaluated
periodically to ensure their effectiveness. People at every level
must fulfill their respective roles to assure the controls are
maintained over time. The risk management process continues
throughout the life cycle of the system, mission, or activity.
Implementing the Risk Management Process
To derive maximum benefit from this powerful tool, it must
be used properly. The following principles are essential.
• Apply the steps in sequence—each step is a building
block for the next, and must be completed before
proceeding to the next. If a hazard identification step
is interrupted to focus on the control of a particular
hazard, more important hazards may be overlooked.
Until all hazards are identified, the remainder of the
process is not effective.
• Maintain a balance in the process—all steps are
important. Allocate the time and resources to perform
all.
• Apply the process in a cycle—the “supervise and
review” step should include a brand new look at the
operation being analyzed to see whether new hazards
can be identified.
• Involve people in the process—ensure that risk
controls are mission supportive, and the people who
must do the work see them as positive actions. The
people who are actually exposed to risks usually know
best what works and what does not.
Level of Risk
The level of risk posed by a given hazard is measured in
terms of:
• Severity (extent of possible loss)
• Probability (likelihood that a hazard will cause a
loss)
Assessing Risk
Assessment of risk is an important part of good risk
management. For example, the hazard of a nick in the
propeller poses a risk only if the airplane is flown. If the
damaged prop is exposed to the constant vibration of normal
engine operation, there is a high risk is that it could fracture
and cause catastrophic damage to the engine and/or airframe
and the passengers.
Every flight has hazards and some level of risk associated
with it. It is critical that pilots and especially students are
able to differentiate in advance between a low-risk flight
and a high-risk flight, and then establish a review process
and develop risk mitigation strategies to address flights
throughout that range.
For the single pilot, assessing risk is not as simple as it sounds.
For example, the pilot acts as his or her own quality control
in making decisions. If a fatigued pilot who has flown 16
hours is asked if he or she is too tired to continue flying, the
answer may be no. Most pilots are goal oriented and, when
asked to accept a flight, there is a tendency to deny personal
limitations while adding weight to issues not germane to the
mission. For example, pilots of helicopter emergency services
(EMS) have been known to make flight decisions that add
significant weight to the patient’s welfare. These pilots add
weight to intangible factors (the patient in this case) and fail
　
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本文鏈接地址：Aviation Instructor's Handbook航空教員手冊(149)