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failure of a landing-gear-extended light to illuminate could
indicate that the gear is not down and locked into place or it
could mean the bulb is burned out. The actions to be taken in
each of these circumstances would be significantly different.
Fixating on a problem that does not exist can divert the pilot’s
attention from important tasks. The pilot’s failure to maintain
an awareness of the circumstances regarding the flight now
becomes the problem. This is why once an initial assumption
is made regarding the problem, other sources must be used
to verify that the pilot’s conclusion is correct.
While on a cross-country flight, Brenda discovers her time en
route between two checkpoints is significantly longer than the
time she originally calculated. By noticing this discrepancy,
she has recognized a change. Based on insight, cross-country
flying experience, and knowledge of weather systems, she
considers the possibility that she has an increased headwind.
She verifies that the original calculations are correct and
considers factors that may have lengthened the time between
checkpoints, such as a climb or deviation off course. To
determine if there is a change in the winds aloft forecast
and to check recent pilot reports, she contacts Flight Watch.
After weighing each information source, she concludes that
the headwind has increased. To determine the severity of the
problem, she calculates a new groundspeed and reassesses
fuel requirements.
Choosing a Course of Action
After the problem has been identified, the pilot evaluates the
need to react to it and determines the actions that may be taken
to resolve the situation in the time available. The expected
outcome of each possible action should be considered and
the risks assessed before the pilot decides on a response to
the situation.
8-16
Definitions
Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM)
is a systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set
of circumstances.
Attitude
is a personal motivational predisposition to respond to persons, situations, or events in a given manner that can, nevertheless, be changed
or modified through training as sort of a mental shortcut to decision-making.
Attitude Management
is the ability to recognize hazardous attitudes in oneself and the willingness to modify them as necessary through the application of an
appropriate antidote thought.
Crew Resource Management (CRM)
is the application of team management concepts in the flight deck environment. It was initially known as cockpit resource management, but
as CRM programs evolved to include cabin crews, maintenance personnel, and others, the phrase crew resource management was
adopted. This includes single pilots, as in most general aviation aircraft. Pilots of small aircraft, as well as crews of larger aircraft, must make
effective use of all available resources: human resources, hardware, and information. A current definition includes all groups routinely
working with the cockpit crew who are involved in decisions required to operate a flight safely. These groups include, but are not limited to:
pilots, dispatchers, cabin crewmembers, maintenance personnel, and air traffic controllers. CRM is one way of addressing the challenge of
optimizing the human/machine interface and accompanying interpersonal activities.
Headwork
is required to accomplish a conscious, rational thought process when making decisions. Good decision-making involves risk identification
and assessment, information processing, and problem solving.
Judgment
is the mental process of recognizing and analyzing all pertinent information in a particular situation, a rational evaluation of alternative
actions in response to it, and a timely decision on which action to take.
Personality
is the embodiment of personal traits and characteristics of an individual that are set at a very early age and extremely resistant to change.
Poor Judgment Chain
is a series of mistakes that may lead to an accident or incident. Two basic principles generally associated with the creation of a poor judgment chain are: (1) One bad decision often leads to another; and (2) as a string of bad decisions grows, it reduces the number of subsequent
alternatives for continued safe flight. ADM is intended to break the poor judgment chain before it can cause an accident or incident.
Risk Elements in ADM
take into consideration the four fundamental risk elements: the pilot, the aircraft, the environment, and the type of operation that comprise
any given aviation situation.
Risk Management
　
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