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Repression or Suppression ....................................2-35
Retention of Learning ..................................................2-35
Praise Stimulates Remembering ...............................2-35
Recall Is Promoted by Association ..........................2-35
Favorable Attitudes Aid Retention ...........................2-35
Learning With All Senses Is Most Effective ...........2-35
Meaningful Repetition Aids Recall ..........................2-35
Mnemonics ...............................................................2-35
Transfer of Learning ....................................................2-36
Habit Formation .......................................................2-37
How Understanding Affects Memory .....................2-37
Remembering During Training ...............................2-37
Remembering After Training ..................................2-37
Sources of Knowledge ............................................2-38
Summary of Instructor Actions ...............................2-38
Chapter Summary ........................................................2-38
Chapter 3
Effective Communication ...................................3-1
Introduction ....................................................................3-1
Basic Elements of Communication ................................3-2
Source .........................................................................3-2
Symbols .....................................................................3-2
Receiver ......................................................................3-4
ix
Barriers to Effective Communication ............................3-4
Lack of Common Experience .....................................3-4
Confusion Between the Symbol and the Symbolized
Object .........................................................................3-5
Overuse of Abstractions .............................................3-5
Interference ................................................................3-6
Developing Communication Skills ................................3-7
Role Playing ..............................................................3-7
Instructional Communication .....................................3-7
Listening ....................................................................3-8
Questioning ...............................................................3-9
Instructional Enhancement .......................................3-10
Chapter Summary ........................................................3-10
Chapter 4
The Teaching Process ........................................4-1
Introduction ....................................................................4-1
What Is Teaching? ........................................................4-2
Essential Teaching Skills ..........................................4-2
People Skills ...........................................................4-2
Subject Matter Expertise .........................................4-2
Management Skills ................................................4-3
Assessment Skills ..................................................4-3
Instructor’s Code of Conduct .........................................4-3
Course of Training .........................................................4-4
Preparation of a Lesson ..................................................4-4
Training Objectives and Standards ...........................4-4
Performance-Based Objectives .................................4-5
Description of the Skill or Behavior .......................4-6
Conditions ...............................................................4-6
Criteria ....................................................................4-6
The Importance of the PTS in Aviation Training
Curricula ....................................................................4-6
Decision-Based Objectives .......................................4-7
Other Uses of Training Objectives .............................4-7
Presentation of a Lesson ................................................4-8
Organization of Material ................................................4-8
Introduction ................................................................4-8
Attention .................................................................4-8
Motivation ...............................................................4-9
Overview .................................................................4-9
Development ..............................................................4-9
Past to Present .........................................................4-9
Simple to Complex .................................................4-9
　
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