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effective decisions as PIC depends on a number of factors.
Some circumstances, such as the time available to make a
decision, may be beyond the pilot’s control. However, a pilot
can learn to recognize those factors that can be managed,
and learn skills to improve decision-making ability and
judgment.
Recognizing Hazardous Attitudes
While the ADM process does not eliminate errors, it helps the
pilot recognize errors, and in turn enables the pilot to manage
the error to minimize its effects. Two steps to improve flight
safety are identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe
flight and learning behavior modification techniques.
Flight instructors must be able to spot hazardous attitudes
in a student because recognition of hazardous thoughts is
the first step toward neutralizing them. CFIs should keep in
mind that being fit to fly depends on more than just a pilot’s
physical condition and recency of experience. Hazardous
attitudes contribute to poor pilot judgment and affect the
quality of decisions.
Attitude can be defined as a personal motivational
predisposition to respond to persons, situations, or events
in a given manner. Studies have identified five hazardous
attitudes that can affect a pilot’s ability to make sound
decisions and exercise authority properly. [Figure 8-8]
In order for a student to self-examine behaviors during
flight, he or she must be taught the potential risks caused
from hazardous attitudes and, more importantly, the antidote
for each. [Figure 8-9] For example, if a student has an easy
time with flight training and seems to understand things very
quickly, there may be a potential for that student to have a
“macho” hazardous attitude. A successful CFI points out
8-18
Stressors
Physical Stress
Conditions associated with the environment, such as
temperature and humidity extremes, noise, vibration, and lack
of oxygen.
Physiological Stress
Physical conditions, such as fatigue, lack of physical fitness,
sleep loss, missed meals (leading to low blood sugar levels),
and illness.
Psychological Stress
Social or emotional factors, such as a death in the family, a
divorce, a sick child, or a demotion at work. This type of stress
may also be related to mental workload, such as analyzing a
problem, navigating an aircraft, or making decisions.
Figure 8-10. Three types of stressors that can affect pilot
performance.
Hazardous Attitude Antidotes
Macho
Steve often brags to his friends about his skills
as a pilot and how close to the ground he flies.
During a local pleasure flight in his singleengine airplane, he decides to buzz some
friends barbecuing at a nearby park.
Anti-authority
Although he knows that flying so low to the
ground is prohibited by the regulations, he
feels that the regulations are too restrictive in
some circumstances.
Invulnerability
Steve is not worried about an accident since
he has flown this low many times before and
he has not had any problems.
Impulsivity
As he is buzzing the park, the airplane does
not climb as well as Steve had anticipated and,
without thinking, he pulls back hard on the
yoke. The airspeed drops and the airplane is
close to stalling as the wing brushes a power
line.
Resignation
Although Steve manages to recover, the wing
sustains minor damage. Steve thinks to himself,
“It doesn’t really matter how much effort I put
in—the end result is the same whether I really
try or not.”
Taking
chances is
foolish.
Follow the
rules. They
are usually
right.
It could
happen
to me.
Not so fast.
Think first.
I’m not
helpless.
I can make
a difference.
Figure 8-9. Students in training can be asked to identify hazardous
attitudes and the corresponding antidotes when presented with
flight scenarios.
the potential for the behavior and teaches the student the
antidote for that attitude. Hazardous attitudes need to be
noticed immediately and corrected with the proper antidote
to minimize the potential for any flight hazard.
Stress Management
Learning how to recognize and cope with stress is another
effective ADM tool. Stress is the body’s response to demands
placed upon it. These demands can be either pleasant or
unpleasant in nature. The causes of stress for a pilot can range
from unexpected weather or mechanical problems while
in flight to personal issues unrelated to flying. Stress is an
　
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本文鏈接地址：Aviation Instructor's Handbook航空教員手冊(143)