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• Delay the flight.
• Cancel the flight.
• Drive.
IMSAFE Checklist
One of the best ways that single pilots can mitigate risk is to
use the IMSAFE checklist [Figure 9-3] to determine physical
and mental readiness for flying:
1. Illness—Am I sick? Illness is an obvious pilot risk.
2. Medication—Am I taking any medicines that might
affect my judgment or make me drowsy?
3. Stress—Am I under psychological pressure from the
job? Do I have money, health, or family problems?
Stress causes concentration and performance
problems. While the regulations list medical conditions
that require grounding, stress is not among them.
The pilot should consider the effects of stress on
performance.
4. Alcohol—Have I been drinking within 8 hours?
Within 24 hours? As little as one ounce of liquor, one
bottle of beer, or four ounces of wine can impair flying
skills. Alcohol also renders a pilot more susceptible
to disorientation and hypoxia.
5. Fatigue—Am I tired and not adequately rested?
Fatigue continues to be one of the most insidious
hazards to flight safety, as it may not be apparent to
a pilot until serious errors are made.
9-6
6. Eating—Have I eaten enough of the proper foods to
keep adequately nourished during the entire flight?
The PAVE Checklist
Another way to mitigate risk is to perceive hazards. By
incorporating the PAVE checklist into all stages of flight
planning, the pilot divides the risks of flight into four
categories: Pilot in command (PIC), Aircraft, enVironment,
and External pressures (PAVE) which form part of a pilot’s
decision-making process.
With the PAVE checklist, pilots have a simple way to
remember each category to examine for risk prior to each
flight. Once a pilot identifies the risks of a flight, he or she
needs to decide whether the risk or combination of risks can
be managed safely and successfully. If not, make the decision
to cancel the flight. If the pilot decides to continue with the
flight, he or she should develop strategies to mitigate the
risks. One way a pilot can control the risks is to set personal
minimums for items in each risk category. These are limits
unique to that individual pilot’s current level of experience
and proficiency.
For example, the aircraft may have a maximum crosswind
component of 15 knots listed in the aircraft flight manual
(AFM), and the pilot has experience with 10 knots of direct
crosswind. It could be unsafe to exceed a 10 knots crosswind
component without additional training. Therefore, the 10 kts
crosswind experience level is that pilot’s personal limitation
until additional training with a certificated flight instructor
(CFI) provides the pilot with additional experience for flying
in crosswinds that exceed 10 knots.
One of the most important concepts that safe pilots
understand is the difference between what is “legal” in terms
of the regulations, and what is “smart” or “safe” in terms of
pilot experience and proficiency.
P = Pilot in Command (PIC)
The pilot is one of the risk factors in a flight. The pilot must
ask, “Am I ready for this trip?” in terms of experience,
currency, physical and emotional condition. The IMSAFE
checklist combined with proficiency, recency, and currency
provides the answers.
A = Aircraft
What limitations will the aircraft impose upon the trip? Ask
the following questions:
• Is this the right aircraft for the flight?
• Am I familiar with and current in this aircraft? Aircraft
performance figures and the AFM are based on a brand
new aircraft flown by a professional test pilot. Keep
that in mind while assessing personal and aircraft
performance.
• Is this aircraft equipped for the flight? Instruments?
Lights? Navigation and communication equipment
adequate?
• Can this aircraft use the runways available for the trip
with an adequate margin of safety under the conditions
to be flown?
• Can this aircraft carry the planned load?
• Can this aircraft operate at the altitudes needed for the
trip?
• Does this aircraft have sufficient fuel capacity, with
reserves, for trip legs planned?
• Does the fuel quantity delivered match the fuel
quantity ordered?
V = EnVironment
Weather is an major environmental consideration. Earlier
it was suggested pilots set their own personal minimums,
　
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