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inevitable and necessary part of life; it adds motivation and
heightens an individual’s response to meet any challenge.
Everyone is stressed to some degree all the time. A certain
amount of stress is good since it keeps a person alert and
prevents complacency. However, the effects of stress
are cumulative and, if not coped with adequately, they
eventually add up to an intolerable burden. Performance
generally increases with the onset of stress, peaks, and then
begins to fall off rapidly as stress levels exceed a person’s
ability to cope. The ability to make effective decisions
during flight can be impaired by stress. Factors, referred to
as stressors, can increase a pilot’s risk of error in the flight
deck. [Figure 8-10]
One way of exploring the subject of stress with a student
is to recognize when stress is affecting performance. If a
student seems distracted, or has a particularly difficult time
accomplishing the tasks of the lesson, the instructor can
query the student. Was the student uncomfortable or tired
during the flight? Is there some stress in another aspect of
the student’s life that may be causing a distraction? This
may prompt the student to evaluate how these factors affect
performance and judgment. The instructor should also try to
determine if there are aspects of pilot training that are causing
excessive amounts of stress for the student. For example, if
the student consistently makes a decision not to fly, even
though weather briefings indicate favorable conditions, it
may be due to apprehension regarding the lesson content.
Stalls, landings, or an impending solo flight may cause
concern. By explaining a specific maneuver in greater detail
or offering some additional encouragement, the instructor
may be able to alleviate some of the student’s stress.
To help students manage the accumulation of life stresses and
prevent stress overload, instructors can recommend several
techniques. For example, including relaxation time in a busy
schedule and maintaining a program of physical fitness can
help reduce stress levels. Learning to manage time more
effectively can help pilots avoid heavy pressures imposed by
getting behind schedule and not meeting deadlines. While
these pressures may exist in the workplace, students may
8-19
also experience the same type of stress regarding their flight
training schedule. Instructors can advise students to selfassess to determine their capabilities and limitations and then
set realistic goals. In addition, avoiding stressful situations
and encounters can help pilots cope with stress.
Use of Resources
To make informed decisions during flight operations, students
must be made aware of the resources found both inside and
outside the flight deck. Since useful tools and sources of
information may not always be readily apparent, learning
to recognize these resources is an essential part of ADM
training. Resources must not only be identified, but students
must also develop the skills to evaluate whether they have
the time to use a particular resource and the impact that
its use would have upon the safety of flight. For example,
the assistance of ATC may be very useful if a pilot is lost.
However, in an emergency situation when action needs be
taken quickly, time may not be available to contact ATC
immediately. During training, CFIs can routinely point out
resources to students.
Internal Resources
Internal resources are found in the flight deck during flight.
Since some of the most valuable internal resources are
ingenuity, knowledge, and skill, pilots can expand flight
deck resources immensely by improving their capabilities.
This can be accomplished by frequently reviewing
flight information publications, such as 14 CFR and the
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), as well as by
pursuing additional training.
A thorough understanding of all the equipment and systems
in the aircraft is necessary to fully utilize all resources. For
example, advanced navigation and autopilot systems are
valuable resources flight instructors must ensure students
know how to use. If students do not fully understand how
to use the equipment, or if they rely on it so much that they
become complacent, it can become a detriment to safe
flight. With the advent of advanced avionics with glass
displays, GPS, and autopilot, flying might seem inherently
easier and safer, but in reality it has become more complex.
With the update of the Instrument Practical Test Standards
　
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