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with distractions while maintaining the degree of aircraft
control required for safe flight. The most effective training
is the simulation of scenarios that can lead to inadvertent
Background
Incident/accident statistics indicate a need to place additional
emphasis on the exchange of control of an aircraft by
pilots. Numerous accidents have occurred due to a lack of
communication or misunderstanding regarding who had
actual control of the aircraft, particularly between students
and flight instructors. Establishing the following procedure
during initial training will ensure the formation of a habit
pattern that should stay with students throughout their flying
careers.
Procedure
During flight training, there must always be a clear
understanding between students and flight instructors about
who has control of the aircraft. The preflight briefing should
include procedures for the exchange of flight controls. A
positive three-step process in the exchange of flight controls
between pilots is a proven procedure and one that is strongly
recommended. When an instructor is teaching a maneuver to
a student, the instructor normally demonstrates the maneuver
first, then has the student follow along on the controls
during a demonstration and, finally, the student performs
the maneuver with the instructor following along on the
controls. [Figure 8-6]
Flight instructors should always guard the controls and be
prepared to take control of the aircraft. When necessary, the
instructor should take the controls and calmly announce, “I
have the flight controls.” If an instructor allows a student to
remain on the controls, the instructor may not have full and
effective control of the aircraft. Anxious students can be
8-10
Development of Habit Patterns
It important for the student to establish the habit of observing
and relying on flight instruments from the beginning of flight
training. It is equally important for the student to learn the
feel of the airplane while conducting maneuvers, such as
being able to feel when the airplane is out of trim or in a
nose-high or nose-low attitude. Students who have been
required to perform all normal flight maneuvers by reference
to instruments, as well as by outside references, develop from
the start the habit of continuously monitoring their own and
the aircraft’s performance. The early establishment of proper
habits of instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation,
and aircraft control is highly useful to the student. The
habitual attention to instrument indications leads to improved
landings because of more precise airspeed control. Effective
use of instruments also results in superior cross-country
navigation, better coordination, and generally, a better overall
pilot competency level.
General aviation accident reports provide ample support for
the belief that reference to flight instruments is important to
safety. The safety record of pilots who hold instrument ratings
is significantly better than that of pilots with comparable
flight time who have never received formal flight training
for an instrument rating. Pilots in training who have been
required to perform all normal flight maneuvers by reference
to instruments, as well as by outside references, will develop
from the start the habit of continuously monitoring their
own and the aircraft’s performance. The early establishment
of proper habits of instrument cross-check, instrument
interpretation, and aircraft control is highly useful to the
student. The habits formed at this time also give him or her a
firm foundation for later training for an instrument rating.
Operating Efficiency
As students become more proficient in monitoring and
correcting their own flight technique by reference to flight
instruments, the performance obtained from an aircraft
increases noticeably. This is particularly true of modern,
complex, or high-performance aircraft, which are responsive
to the use of correct operating airspeeds.
The use of correct power settings and climb speeds and
the accurate control of headings during climbs result in a
measurable increase in climb performance. Holding precise
headings and altitudes in cruising flight definitely increases
average cruising performance.
stalls by creating distractions while the student is practicing
certain maneuvers.
Instructor responsibilities include teaching the student to
divide his or her attention between the distracting task
　
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