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those required for the issuance of that pilot certificate. Before
beginning any training, the pilot and the instructor should
agree fully on these objectives and standards, and, as training
progresses, the pilot should be kept appraised of progress
toward achieving those goals.
A flight review is an excellent opportunity for a CFI to
review pilot decision-making skills. To get the information
needed to evaluate ADM skills, including risk management,
give the pilot multiple opportunities to make decisions and
ask questions about those decisions. For example, ask the
pilot to explain why the alternate airport selected for the
diversion exercise is a safe and appropriate choice. What are
the possible hazards, and what can the pilot do to mitigate
them? Be alert to the pilot’s information and automation
management skills as well. For example, does the pilot
perform regular “common sense crosschecks?” For more
ideas on generating scenarios that teach risk management,
visit www.faa.gov/library/manuals/pilot_risk/.
AC 61-98, Currency and Additional Qualification
Requirements for Certificated Pilots, chapter 1, provides
guidance for conducting the flight review. Appendix B is
a sample flight review plan and checklist. Appendix C is
a sample list of flight review knowledge, maneuvers, and
procedures, and it contains recommended procedures and
standards for general pilot refresher courses. At the conclusion
of a successful flight review, the logbook of the pilot should
be endorsed, as recommended by AC 61-65. [Figure E-2]
In addition to the required maneuvers conducted during
the flight review, flight instructors should also review and
discuss those special emphasis items listed in the flight
instructor PTS.
Instrument Proficiency Checks
Instrument rated pilots who have not met instrument
currency requirements in the preceding 6 months or for 6
months thereafter are required by 14 CFR part 61 to pass
an instrument proficiency check ride in order to regain their
instrument flying privileges.
AC 61-98 contains guidance for the conduct of an instrument
proficiency check, including a sample plan of action and
checklist. The primary reference for specific maneuvers and
any associated tolerances for an instrument proficiency check
ride is the Instrument Rating PTS, which includes a matrix
table of required operations and tasks. A pilot taking an
instrument proficiency check is expected to meet the criteria
of the specific tasks selected in the Instrument Rating PTS.
Aircraft and instrument ratings appropriate to the aircraft
being flown must be listed on the flight instructor’s instructor
certificate. Part or all of the check may be conducted in a
flight training device or flight simulator that meets 14 CFR
section 141.41 requirements. The FAA Flight Standards
District Office (FSDO) having jurisdiction over the area
where the device is used must specifically approve each flight
training device or flight simulator. If planning to use a flight
training device or flight simulator to conduct all or part of an
instrument proficiency check, instructors should contact the
local FSDO to verify the approval status of the device.
Aircraft Checkouts/Transitions
Certificated pilots depend on flight instructors for aircraft
checkouts and transition training including high performance
airplanes, tail wheel airplanes, motor gliders, and aircraft
capable of flight at high altitudes. The flight instructor who
checks out and certifies the competency of a pilot in an
aircraft for which a type rating is not required by regulations
is accepting a major responsibility for the safety of future
passengers. Many newer light airplanes are comparable in
performance and complexity to transport airplanes. For these,
the flight instructor’s checkout should be at least as thorough
as an official type rating practical test. Other considerations
include:
• AC 61-98 provides a list of requirements for
transitioning to other makes and models of aircraft
along with a sample training plan. AC 61-98 also lists
other publications that can be helpful in conducting
checkouts. All checkouts should be conducted to the
performance standards required by the appropriate
PTS for the pilot certificate.
• For motor glider transition training, refer to AC 61-
94, Pilot Transition Course for Self Launching or
　
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