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Known to Unknown ................................................4-9
Most Frequently Used to Least Used ......................4-9
Conclusion ................................................................4-10
Training Delivery Methods ..........................................4-10
Lecture Method ........................................................4-10
Teaching Lecture ..................................................4-10
Preparing the Teaching Lecture ............................4-10
Suitable Language ................................................4-11
Types of Delivery .................................................4-11
Use of Notes .........................................................4-12
Formal Versus Informal Lectures .........................4-12
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Lecture .....4-12
Discussion Method ...................................................4-13
Guided Discussion Method ......................................4-13
Use of Questions in a Guided Discussion .............4-13
Planning a Guided Discussion ..............................4-14
Student Preparation for a Guided Discussion .......4-14
Guiding a Discussion—Instructor Technique ......4-14
Advantages ...........................................................4-15
Problem-Based Learning ............................................4-15
Teaching Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) .....4-16
Types of Problem-Based Instruction ........................4-16
Scenario-Based Training Method (SBT) ..............4-16
Collaborative Problem-Solving Method ...............4-17
Case Study Method ...............................................4-17
Electronic Learning (E-Learning) ................................4-18
Computer-Assisted Learning (CAL) Method ..........4-19
Simulation, Role-Playing, and Video Gaming .........4-20
Cooperative or Group Learning Method ......................4-20
Conditions and Controls ...........................................4-20
Demonstration-Performance Method ...........................4-21
Explanation Phase ....................................................4-21
Demonstration Phase ................................................4-21
Student Performance and Instructor Supervision
Phases .......................................................................4-21
Evaluation Phase ......................................................4-21
Drill and Practice Method ............................................4-21
Conclusion ................................................................4-22
Application of the Lesson ............................................4-22
Assessment of the Lesson ............................................4-22
Instructional Aids and Training Technologies .............4-22
Instructional Aid Theory ..........................................4-22
Reasons for Use of Instructional Aids ......................4-23
Guidelines for Use of Instructional Aids ..................4-24
Types of Instructional Aids ......................................4-25
Chalk or Marker Board .........................................4-25
Supplemental Print Material .................................4-25
Enhanced Training Materials ................................4-26
Projected Material .................................................4-26
Video .....................................................................4-27
Interactive CDs and DVDs ...................................4-27
Computer-Assisted Learning (CAL) ...................4-28
Models, Mock-ups, and Cut-Aways .....................4-28
Test Preparation Material .............................................4-29
Future Developments ...................................................4-29
Chapter Summary ........................................................4-29
x
Chapter 5
Assessment .........................................................5-1
Introduction ....................................................................5-1
Assessment Terminology ...............................................5-2
Purpose of Assessment ..................................................5-2
General Characteristics of Effective Assessment ..........5-3
Objective ....................................................................5-3
Flexible .......................................................................5-3
Acceptable ..................................................................5-3
Comprehensive ...........................................................5-3
Constructive ...............................................................5-3
Organized ...................................................................5-4
　
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