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proper interrogation; the interrogation and reply being on different
frequencies.
Unalerted See-and-Avoid: A procedure where flight crew, who have no
specific knowledge of other aircraft in their vicinity, rely solely on their ability to
physically sight and avoid colliding with aircraft that may be in their vicinity.
Undershoot Shear: A wind shear occurrence which produces an INITIAL
effect of undershooting the desired approach path and/or decreasing air
speed.
GEN TOC ENR TOC AD TOC Index
GEN (GENERAL) A/L 45 effective 24 NOV 05
Unserviceable Area: A portion of the movement area not available for use by
aircraft because of the physical condition of the surface, or because of any
obstruction on the area.
VFR Climb and Descent: ATC authorisation for an IFR flight in VMC, at or
below FL180, in classes D and E airspace, to conduct a visual climb or
descent.
VFR-on-Top: ATC authorisation for an IFR flight to operate in VMC, at or
below FL180, in Class E airspace at any appropriate VFR altitude or flight level
(in accordance with ENR 1.2 Section 2., ENR 1.7 Section 5. and as restricted
by ATC).
VHF Omni-directional Radio Range (VOR): A VHF radio navigational aid
which provides a continuous indication of bearing from the selected VOR
ground station.
Visibility: Visibility for aeronautical purposes is the greater of:
a. the greatest distance at which a black object of suitable dimensions,
situated near the ground, can be seen and recognised when observed
against a bright background; or
b. the greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity of 1,000 candelas can
be seen and identified against an unlit background.
Visual (ATC usage): Used by ATC to instruct a pilot to see and avoid
obstacles while conducting flight below the MVA or MSA/LSALT.
Visual (Pilot usage): Used by a pilot to indicate acceptance of responsibility
to see and avoid obstacles while operating below the MVA or MSA/LSALT.
Visual Approach Slope Indicator System (VASIS): A system of lights so
arranged as to provide visual information to pilots on approach of their position
in relation to the optimum approach slope for a particular runway.
Vs1g means the one-g stall speed at which the aeroplane can develop a lift
force (normal to the flight path) equal to its weight.
Way-point: A specified geographical location used to define an area
navigation route or the flight path of an aircraft employing area navigation.
Way-points are identified as either:
a. Fly-by Way-point: A way-point which requires turn
anticipation to allow tangential interception of the next
segment of a route or procedure, or
b. Flyover Way-point: A way-point at which a turn is
initiated in order to join the next segment of a route or
procedure.
GEN TOC ENR TOC AD TOC Index
GEN (GENERAL) A/L 45 effective 24 NOV 05
INTENTIONALLY BLANK
GEN TOC ENR TOC AD TOC Index
ENR (EN ROUTE) A/L 45 effective 24 NOV 05
ENR 2.2 OTHER REGULATED AIRSPACE
1. OPERATIONS IN OCEANIC CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
1.1 Clearance Requirements
1.1.1 Aircraft not in receipt of an airways clearance in another FIR are
required to obtain an airways clearance prior to entering Australian
administered Class A airspace. Clearances may be issued by the
primary guard station prior to FIR entry. If a clearance is not received
15 minutes prior to entry, it may be obtained directly by one
of the following methods:
a. Voice clearances may be obtained from Brisbane on INO-1,
SEA-3, SP-6 or other advised frequencies as appropriate.
b. CPDLC clearances may be obtained from Brisbane (YBBB) or
Melbourne (YMMM), as appropriate.
1.2 Mach Number Technique
1.2.1 Mach Number Technique (MNT) is the term used to describe the
method of clearing successive jet aircraft, operating along the
same track, to maintain specified mach numbers in order to maintain
longitudinal separation.
1.2.2 The MNT may be used by ATC in the application of longitudinal separation
standards on routes within oceanic controlled airspace.
Pilots of jet aircraft must include the planned true Mach Number in
their flight plans.
1.2.3 Pilots are required to read back and maintain an assigned Mach
Number. ATC approval must be obtained before making any
change. If an immediate temporary Mach Number change is essential
(eg, due to turbulence), ATC must be notified as soon as
possible that such a change has been made.
1.2.4 MNT may also be applied by ATC in other Australian airspace.
1.3 Weather Deviations – General
1.3.1 The following procedures provide guidance for pilot action when
weather deviations are required in oceanic controlled airspace. As
　
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