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the direction the air is flowing as it approaches the airfoil.
L = (CL σ V2 S) / 295
L = Lift (pounds)
CL = Coefficient of lift (dimensionless)
σ = Air density ratio (dimensionless)
V2 = Square of airstream velocity (knots)
S = Airfoil planform area (square feet)
295 = A constant used when velocity is given in knots
aerodynamics. The branch of science that deals with the forces produced by air flowing over specially
shaped surfaces called airfoils.
Wings and helicopter rotors produce a vertical aerodynamic force, and propellers produce a
horizontal force.
Aerodynamic forces inside a turbojet engine produce pressure and velocity changes in the air as it
passes through the compressor and turbine.
aerodynamic shape. The shape of an object with reference to the airflow over it.
Certain shapes cause an air pressure difference across the surface which produces lift. Other
shapes are designed in such a way that they produce the minimum amount of drag.
aerodynamic twisting force. See ATF.
aeroelastic tailoring. The design of an aerodynamic surface whose strength and stiffness are matched to
the aerodynamic loads imposed upon it.
Aerofiche. The registered trade name for a form of microfiche used in the aircraft industry. Two hundred
and eighty-eight frames of information can be placed on a single four-by-six card of film called a fiche.
Aeromatic propeller. A patented propeller that has counterweights around the blade shanks and the blades
angled back from the hub to increase the effects of aerodynamic and centrifugal twisting forces.
This propeller automatically maintains a relatively constant RPM for any throttle setting.
aeronautical beacon. A visual navigational aid displaying flashes of white and/or colored light. These
flashes indicate the location of an airport, a heliport, a landmark, a certain point of a Federal airway in
mountainous terrain, or an obstruction.
The colors and meaning of the more commonly used beacons are:
Color Meaning
white and green --------------------------------------- lighted land airport
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 16
green---------------------------------------------------- lighted land airport
white---------------------------------------------------- unlighted land airport
white and yellow -------------------------------------- lighted water airport
yellow -------------------------------------------------- lighted water airport
green, yellow and white------------------------------ lighted heliport
white (dual peaked) and green ---------------------- military airport
white and red ------------------------------------------ landmark or navigation point
aeronautical chart. A map used in air navigation containing all or part of the following: topographic
features, hazards and obstructions, navigation aids, navigation routes, designated airspace, and airports.
Aeronautical Information Manual. See AIM.
aeronautics. The branch of science that deals with flight and with the operation of all types of aircraft.
Aerodynamics and aerostatics are both branches of aeronautics.
aerosol. A liquid or solid that is divided into extremely fine particles and dispersed into the air.
Smoke is an aerosol of carbon and ash, and a cloud in the sky is an aerosol of water droplets.
Modern aerosol products such as paint, hair spray, and insecticides are usually liquids broken into
tiny drops and sprayed into the air by the use of a gaseous propellant such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, or
Freon.
aerospace. The branch of science and technology that deals with travel in the space above the surface of
the earth. Aerospace includes travel in the atmosphere, as well as in the vast regions outside of the earth’s
atmosphere.
aerospace vehicle. A flight vehicle capable of flight in both the atmosphere surrounding the earth and in
the space beyond the atmosphere. The space shuttle is an aerospace vehicle.
aerostat. A device supported in the air by displacing more than its weight of air. Balloons and dirigibles
are examples of aerostats.
aerostatics. The branch of science that deals with the flight of lighter-than-air vehicles, such as balloons,
dirigibles, or blimps. These vehicles are filled with hot air or with a gas lighter than the air surrounding it.
This gas enables the balloon to rise in the air by displacing more than its own weight of air.
Aerostatic lift, which is produced by displacing a mass of air, is different from aerodynamic lift in
that it does not require relative motion between the lifting body and the air.
aero-thermodynamic duct. See athodyd.
AFCS (automatic flight control system). The full system of automatic flight control which includes the
　
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