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asynchronous (electronic circuit operation). Operations at a speed determined by circuit functions and
not by any timing device.
ATA 100 (Air Transport Association Specification No. 100). The standardized format for aircraft
maintenance manuals developed by the Airline Transport Association. This classification of aircraft
systems and components allows standardization of maintenance information.
ATC (air traffic control). See air traffic control.
ATC (Approved Type Certificate). A certificate of approval issued by the Federal Aviation
Administration for the design of an airplane, engine, or propeller. An ATC certifies that the product meets
at least the minimum design standards.
“ATC advises” (air traffic control). A phrase used to prefix a message of noncontrol information when it
is relayed to an aircraft by other than an air traffic controller.
ATC assigned airspace. Airspace defined by vertical and lateral limits assigned by ATC for the purpose of
providing air traffic segregation between specified activities being conducted within the assigned airspace.
ATCCC (air traffic control command center). An air traffic service facility that consists of four
operational units:
Central flow control function (CFCF). Responsible for coordination and approval of all major
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intercenter flow control restrictions.
Central altitude reservation function (CARF). Responsible for coordinating, planning, and
approving special user requirements under the altitude reservation concept.
Airport reservation office (ARO). Responsible for approving IFR flights at designated
high-density traffic airports.
ATC contingency command post. A facility which enables the FAA to manage the ATC system
when significant portions of the system’s capabilities have been lost or threatened.
“ATC clears” (air traffic control). A phrase used to prefix an ATC clearance when it is relayed to an
aircraft by other than an air traffic controller.
ATC instructions (air traffic control). Directives issued by air traffic control for the purpose of requiring
a pilot to take specific actions.
Typical instructions are “turn left heading two five zero,” “go around,” and “clear the runway.”
“ATC requests” (air traffic control). A phrase used to prefix an ATC request when it is relayed to an
aircraft by other than an air traffic controller.
ATCSCC (air traffic control system command center). See ATCCC.
ATF (aerodynamic twisting force). The aerodynamic force that acts on a rotating propeller blade to
increase its blade angle.
The axis of rotation of a blade is near the center of its chord line, and the center of pressure is
between the axis and the leading edge. Aerodynamic lift acting through the center of pressure tries to rotate
the blade to a higher pitch angle.
athodyd. A ram-jet engine. An athodyd (Aero-THermO-DYnamic-Duct) is an open tube whose inside is
specially shaped to produce thrust when fuel is burned in it.
When the athodyd moves through the air at a high speed, the air in its front end is compressed.
Fuel is added to this compressed air and burned, and the burning fuel heats the air and expands it. This
expansion accelerates the air to the rear and produces thrust.
athwartships. A direction across, or at right angles to, the longitudinal axis of an aircraft.
ATIS (automatic terminal information service). Recorded noncontrol information continuously
broadcast in selected terminal areas. ATIS information contains appropriate weather observations, altimeter
setting, instrument approaches in use, and airport information needed by pilots approaching the airport.
The use of ATIS frees the controller of having to repeat this basic information on the initial call-up
from each pilot.
atmosphere. The layer of gases surrounding the earth, from the surface upward to a height of about 22
miles. The atmosphere consists of a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and small quantities of a number of other
gases.
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The lowest level of the atmosphere, called the troposphere, extends upward to about 36,000 feet.
This is the area in which clouds form. Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, where there is no water
vapor; therefore clouds cannot form.
The atmosphere presses down on the surface of the earth with a pressure of 29.92 inches (760
millimeters) of mercury. Its standard weight at sea level is 0.07651 pound per cubic foot, and it becomes
lighter, or less dense, as its height above the earth increases.
The temperature of the atmosphere drops as its altitude increases, to about 36,000 feet. Here, the
　
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