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pickup pattern of a cardioid microphone is roughly in the shape of a heart.
caret (mathematics). A small inverted V (^) used to show the new location of the decimal in
multiplication and division problems using decimal fractions.
cargo. Material transported in an airplane, ship, truck, or train.
Carnot cycle (energy release cycle). An ideal reversible, but unattainable, cycle of energy transformation
that explains the operation of a perfect heat engine. The four events that occur in a Carnot cycle are:
1. An isothermal expansion of the working fluid from A to B. Heat energy is neither added to
nor taken from the air. The temperature remains constant at T1.
2. An adiabatic expansion from B to C with the temperature changing from T1 to T2.
3. An isothermal compression from C to D at temperature T2.
4. An adiabatic compression of the gas from D to A, returning it to its original conditions.
carriage bolt. A round-headed bolt with a square section of the shank just below the head. A carriage bolt
is used to hold pieces of wood together. The square section of the shank embeds itself in the wood and
keeps the bolt from turning when the nut is tightened on the threads.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 108
carrier frequency (radio transmission). The frequency of the alternating current carrier that produces the
electromagnetic waves which radiate from a radio transmitting antenna.
The audio-frequency signal from the microphone modulates (changes the amplitude or the
frequency) of the carrier.
cartridge fuse (electrical component). A type of fuse used to protect an electrical circuit from an excess
of current. The fusible link, the part of the fuse that melts when too much current flows through it, is held
between metal ferrules, or caps, that screw onto each end of an insulating tube. The ferrules are held in
special fuse clips inside the fuse box.
cartridge-pneumatic starter (gas turbine engine starter). A pneumatic starter for a gas turbine engine
that uses gas pressure produced when powder in a cartridge burns in the breech of the starter.
The high-pressure gas produced by the burning powder spins a turbine geared to the engine
compressor.
cartridge starter (reciprocating engine starter). A type of starter used on some large aircraft
reciprocating engines. A cartridge, looking much like a shotgun cartridge, is fired in the breech of the
starter. The gas produced by the burning powder pushes down on a piston inside a cylinder. The piston is
attached to a helical spline, a spline cut in the shape of a spiral, in such a way that as the piston moves
down, the spline twists. The twisting spline turns a gear that meshes with a gear on the engine crankshaft.
When the cartridge is fired and the piston is pushed down, the helical spline turns the gear and
cranks the engine fast enough for it to start.
cartridge-type fluid filter (fuel and oil filter). A disposable filter element used in an aircraft fuel or
lubrication system. These filters are of the depth type and are made of cellulose fibers that trap and hold
most of the contaminants in the fuel or oil that passes through them.
CAS (calibrated airspeed). A measure of the speed at which an aircraft is moving through the air.
Calibrated airspeed is found by correcting the airspeed shown on the airspeed indicator, the
indicated airspeed (IAS), for any errors in the instrument or those caused by its installation (installation, or
position errors). See position error.
14 CFR Part 1: “The indicated airspeed of an aircraft, corrected for position and instrument error.
Calibrated airspeed is equal to true airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level.”
cascade (electrical circuits). A method of connecting multiple stages of electrical circuits so the output of
one stage feeds the input of the next stage.
cascade effect. The cumulative effect that occurs when the output of one series of components serves as
the input to the next series.
cascade transformer (electrical equipment). A device that can be used in an electrical circuit to get a
high voltage. The secondary winding of a step-up transformer is connected to the primary winding of
another step-up transformer.
As many transformers as are needed to get the required output voltage can be cascaded in this
manner.
cascade vanes (thrust reverser component). Vanes in an aerodynamic blockage-type thrust reverser used
to turn the stream of exhaust gases to produce a reverse thrust.
case hardening (steel heat treatment). A method of heat treatment of steel in which the surface of the
metal is hardened while its inside stays comparatively soft and tough. Case hardening may be done by
causing the steel on the surface to absorb extra carbon or by changing the surface into a very hard chemical
　
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