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local airflow around the direction detector and the fuselage reference plane.
angle of azimuth. An angle, measured in a horizontal plane, clockwise from north.
angle of bank. The angle formed by the lateral axis of an aircraft and a horizontal plane.
angle of departure (radio propagation). The angle, measured at the transmitting antenna, between the
angle of propagation of a radio wave and a horizontal plane.
angle of incidence (airplane specification). The acute angle formed between the chord line of an airfoil
and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft on which it is mounted.
angle of incidence (electromagnetic energy). The angle between a beam of electromagnetic radiation and
a line perpendicular to the surface the beam strikes.
angle of refraction (light). The angle between a beam of light as it passes through a medium and a line
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perpendicular to the surface of the medium.
angle of yaw. The acute horizontal angle formed between the plane of symmetry of an aircraft and the
direction from which the wind is striking the aircraft.
angstrom. A convenient unit used to measure the wavelength of light. One angstrom, or A, is one
ten-millionth of a micron. This is 0.000 000 01 (10-8) centimeters.
The wavelength of visible light extends from about 4,000 to 8,000 angstroms.
angular acceleration. The rate at which a rotating object increases its rotational speed.
angular measurement. Units of measurement used to specify the difference in direction of two lines that
radiate from a common point. Three units of angular measurements are commonly used: The degree, the
radian, and the grad:
One degree is the amount of separation between two lines that is equal to 1/360 of a circle.
One radian is the amount of separation between two lines that is equal to 360° ÷ 2π, or 57.3°.
One grad is the amount of separation between two lines that is equal to 1/400 of a circle, or 1/100
of a right angle.
angular momentum. The momentum possessed by a body because of its rotation.
angular velocity. The rate of change of angle as a shaft rotates. Angular velocity is measured in degrees
per second, or in radians per second.
AN hardware. Standard hardware items such as bolts, nuts, screws, and rivets made according to standards
established by the Air Force and Navy. AN hardware is approved for use in both military and civilian
aircraft.
anhydrous. A material that contains no water.
anion. A negative ion that moves toward the anode (the positive electrode) in the process of electrolysis.
anneal. To soften a plastic or metal by means of heat treatment.
annealed wire. Wire that has been softened by heat after its diameter has been decreased by drawing it
through dies. Annealed copper wire is used as electrical hookup wire.
annealing (metal heat treatment). A method of heat treatment in which a metal is softened so it loses
some of its hardness and brittleness.
Steel is annealed by heating it to a specified temperature and allowing it to cool very slowly, in an
oven. Copper is annealed by heating it red-hot and quenching it in water.
annual inspection (aircraft inspection). A complete inspection of the airframe and powerplant required
for FAA-certificated aircraft operating under 14 CFR Part 91 (General Operating and Flight Rules) that are
not on one of the authorized special inspection programs.
An annual inspection must be conducted every 12 calendar months by an Aviation Maintenance
Technician who holds an Aircraft rating with an Inspection Authorization. The scope of an annual
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Page 37
inspection is the same as that of a 100-hour inspection.
annual rings. The rings that appear in the end of a log cut from a tree. The number of annual rings per inch
gives an indication of the strength of the wood. The more rings there are and the closer they are together,
the stronger the wood.
The alternate light and dark rings are caused by the difference in the growth rate of the tree. A tree
grows fast in the spring and summer, producing the light-colored, less dense rings. The slower growth
during the fall and winter produces the dark-colored, denser rings.
annular combustor (gas turbine engine component). A single-piece combustor for a gas turbine engine
made in the shape of a ring or a cylinder. Fuel is sprayed from nozzles mounted around a fuel manifold into
the inner liner of the combustor. There, it is mixed with air from the compressor and burned.
Annular combustors make the most effective use of the space they occupy, and they are the most
efficient type of combustor used in both large and small gas turbine engines.
　
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