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material of which the distributor block is made that high voltage leaks through it during normal engine
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 106
operation. This high-voltage leakage can cause misfiring, loss of engine power, and possible engine
damage.
carbon-zinc cell (electrical cell). An electrochemical cell that changes chemical energy into electrical
energy. The cell is made of a zinc can filled with a paste of ammonium chloride. A carbon rod is supported
by the ammonium chloride in such a way that it cannot touch the zinc can.
Electrical energy is produced as electrons leave the zinc can and travel through an external circuit
to the carbon rod. A carbon-zinc cell has an open-circuit voltage of approximately 1.5 volts.
Carborundum. The registered trade name for several types of man-made abrasives. Carborundum is
similar to emery (a natural abrasive), and it is used to make grinding wheels. Fine particles of Carborundum
are bonded to paper and cloth to make sheets and strips of abrasive materials.
carburetor (reciprocating engine component). A type of fuel metering system used on some
reciprocating engines. When air flows into the engine, it passes through a venturi in the carburetor. The
venturi produces a pressure drop proportional to the volume of air flowing into the engine cylinders.
The low pressure caused by the venturi pulls the correct amount of fuel through a metering jet, and
this fuel is mixed with the air before it enters the cylinders.
carburetor air heater. A sheet metal jacket surrounding part of the engine exhaust system.
Air from inside the engine nacelle or compartment flows between this jacket and the exhaust
system component and picks up heat. The heated air is carried through a carburetor heater valve, and when
carburetor air temperature is low, can be directed into the carburetor; otherwise it is dumped overboard. Air
that flows through the carburetor air heater is not filtered.
carburetor air temperature. The temperature of the air as it enters the carburetor. It is important that the
temperature of the fuel-air mixture be kept above the freezing point of water to prevent the formation of
carburetor ice, but it is difficult to measure the temperature of this mixture.
By measuring and controlling the temperature of the air as it enters the carburetor, it is possible to
keep the mixture temperature high enough to prevent water condensing out of the air and freezing, and at
the same time to keep the temperature of the air entering the engine low enough to prevent detonation.
carburetor ice. Ice that forms inside the throat of a carburetor installed on an aircraft reciprocating engine.
When air flows through the carburetor venturi, it speeds up, and both its pressure and temperature drop.
When liquid fuel is discharged into the throat of the venturi, it vaporizes, and this change of state drops its
temperature.
When the temperature of the air is low enough, moisture in the air condenses out and freezes. It is
possible for carburetor ice to build up inside the venturi and restrict the air flowing into the engine enough
to cause the engine to stop. Carburetor ice is normally prevented by heating the air before it enters the
carburetor.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
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carburizing (steel heat treatment). A form of heat treatment of steel in which the surface absorbs extra
carbon and becomes hard and brittle, while the center of the steel remains relatively soft and tough.
The part to be carburized is packed in a material containing a large amount of carbon (finely
ground bone is often used) and is heated in a furnace until the correct amount of carbon is absorbed into the
surface of the steel.
carburizing flame (oxy-acetylene welding). A flame produced by an oxy-acetylene torch when there is
too much acetylene gas for the amount of oxygen being metered by the torch.
A carburizing flame, identified by a definite feather around the inner cone, is not normally used,
because it adds carbon to the molten metal and makes the weld weaker than the metal being welded.
carcass (tire component). The layers of rubberized fabric that make up the body of an aircraft tire.
cardinal altitudes. Odd or even thousand-foot altitudes or flight levels.
cardinal heading (aircraft navigation). The heading of an aircraft along any of the four cardinal
directions shown on a compass. The cardinal directions are North, East, South, and West.
cardioid microphone. A microphone that is directional in its ability to pick up sounds, picking up sounds
in front of it while rejecting sounds behind it.
A cardioid microphone gets its name from the Greek word kardia, which means heart. The sound
　
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