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driven into the ground. The neutral conductor in a three-wire, single-phase electrical installation normally
connects to earth ground.
earth induction compass (navigation instrument). A form of navigation instrument which gets its
directional reference from lines of magnetic flux of the earth cutting across the windings of a flux valve
mounted in the aircraft.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 211
The output of the flux valve is used to drive the pointer of the radio magnetic indicator (RMI) or
some other type of direction indicator.
earth’s magnetic field. The magnetic lines of flux that leave the north magnetic pole and travel over the
surface of the earth and re-enter it at the south magnetic pole.
EARTS (enroute automated radar tracking system). An automated radar and radar beacon tracking
system. It functions much the same as terminal ARTS IIIA, except that it is capable of employing both
short-range and long-range radars, it uses full digital radar displays, and has a fail-safe design.
Easy-Out (hand tool). The registered trade name for a type of screw extractor (a tool used to remove
broken screws or studs from their holes).
An Easy-Out is made of hardened steel and has a tapered, left-hand spiral. A hole is drilled in the
broken shank of the screw, and the Easy-out is screwed into it by turning it to the left. The spiral wedges
tightly into the broken screw and allows the Easy-Out to unscrew it from its hole.
ECAM (electronic centralized aircraft monitor). An electronic instrument system that monitors the
functions of the entire aircraft and displays the information on two color multifunction displays in the
aircraft cockpit.
The left-hand display shows the status of the systems, and the right-hand display shows diagrams
and additional information about the system shown on the left-hand display.
eccentric. Two or more circular objects turning in the same plane, but having different centers.
eccentric bushing (airplane rigging component). A special bushing used between the rear spar of certain
cantilever airplane wings and the wing attachment fitting on the fuselage.
The portion of the bushing that fits through the hole in the spar is slightly offset from that which
passes through the holes in the fitting. By rotating the bushing, the rear spar may be moved up or down to
adjust the root incidence of the wing.
eccentric cam. A circular cam mounted on a shaft, with its center different from the center of the shaft. As
the shaft rotates about its axis, the outside of the eccentric rises and falls, changing rotary motion into linear
motion.
ECCM (electronic counter-countermeasures). Tactics used in military aircraft to reduce the
effectiveness of the countermeasures used by the enemy against electronic countermeasures.
echo (radar meteorology). An image formed on a radarscope by energy reflected or scattered from a
target.
ECM (electronic countermeasures). Tactics used in military aircraft to evade or deceive enemy radar.
Chaff, made of strips of metal foil or metalized glass fibers, is released to form a large radar return to decoy
the enemy radar away from the true target.
Electromagnetic radiation over a wide band of frequencies can prevent the enemy receiving radio
transmissions. This form of ECM is called jamming.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 212
economizer system (fuel metering system). The system in a carburetor or fuel injection system that
meters additional fuel to the engine when the throttle is wide open. This additional fuel removes some of
the heat from the cylinders when the engine is producing maximum power.
Economizer systems, also called power-enrichment systems, allow the engine to operate with an
economical fuel-air mixture for all conditions except full power.
E-core (electric transformer core). The core of a transformer on which the windings, or coils, are
mounted. The core is made of thin sheets (laminations) of soft iron or silicon steel cut in the shape of the
letter E. The coils are placed over the legs of the core, and the opening is closed with strips of the same
material cut in the shape of the letter I.
eddy (meteorology). A local irregularity of wind in a larger scale wind flow. Small-scale eddies produce
turbulent conditions.
eddy current (induced electrical current). Current induced in the core of a transformer or the armature
core of a motor or generator by current flowing in the winding.
Eddy currents cause a power loss and are minimized by making the core of thin soft-iron
laminations insulated from each other by a thin coat of varnish. Eddy currents can also be induced in a
　
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