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and a foot-poundal is that foot-pounds use a measure of weight, and foot-poundals use a measure of mass.
force. Energy brought to bear on an object that causes or tries to cause it to change its direction or speed of
motion.
forced landing (aircraft operation). An unscheduled landing caused by a malfunction in an aircraft or
engine, or by improper flight planning or operation.
forceps. A type of instrument or small tool used to grasp or hold objects. Most forceps have a ratchet
mechanism that allows them to be locked onto the object they are holding.
forehand welding. Welding in which the torch is pointed in the direction the weld is progressing.
foreign air carrier. 14 CFR Part 1: “Any person other than a citizen of the United States, who undertakes
directly, by lease or other arrangement, to engage in air transportation.”
foreign air commerce. 14 CFR Part 1: “The carriage by aircraft of persons or property for compensation
or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft, or the operation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or
furtherance of a business or vocation, in commerce between a place in the United States and any place
outside thereof; whether such commerce moves wholly by aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by other
forms of transportation.”
foreign air transportation. 14 CFR Part 1: “The carriage by aircraft of persons or property as a common
carrier for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft, in commerce between a place in the
United States and any place outside of the United States, whether that commerce moves wholly by aircraft
or partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of transportation.”
forge, forging. A method of forming metal parts by heating the metal to a plastic state (nearly, but not
quite melted) and hammering it to shape.
forge welding. A method of welding in which the two ends of the metal to be joined are heated until they
are almost, but not quite, melted. The ends are placed together and hammered until they flow together and
become one piece.
forklift. A self-propelled machine used to lift heavy weights and move them from one location to another.
A forklift has two long steel fingers that can be slid under a pallet on which the load is placed. The fingers
can then be raised to lift the load off the floor and move it.
formation flight. Flight of more than one aircraft which, by prior arrangement between the pilots, operate
as a single aircraft with regard to navigation and position reporting.
form drag. Parasite drag that is caused by the form of the object passing through the air.
former (aircraft structural member). An aircraft structural member used to give a fuselage its shape. The
truss structure of an aircraft fuselage provides the necessary strength, but its cross section is usually square
or triangular and does not have the clean aerodynamic shape needed for streamlining.
Formers of wood or light metal are attached to the truss, and stringers (lightweight strips of metal
or wood) are placed over the formers to give the fuselage its shape. All of this structure is covered with
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 262
fabric or thin sheet metal.
A monocoque fuselage carries most of its stresses in its outside skin whose shape is produced by
formers to which the skin is attached. Formers that divide a fuselage into compartments are called
bulkheads.
form factor (electrical inductor characteristic). The ratio of the length of a coil of wire to its diameter.
Form factor is one of the characteristics that affect the inductance of a coil.
forming block (sheet-metal forming tool). A block of hardwood around which sheet metal parts are
formed.
forward bias (semiconductor operating condition). A condition of operation of a semiconductor device,
such as a transistor or a diode, in which a positive voltage is connected to the P-type material, and a
negative voltage is connected to the N-type material. When the device is forward-biased, the barrier voltage
is minimum, and the maximum amount of current can flow through it.
forward center of gravity limit (aircraft weight and balance). The most forward location on an aircraft
allowed for its loaded center of gravity.
forward current (semiconductor characteristic). Current that flows across the junction in a
semiconductor device when it is forward-biased.
forward-fan engine (aircraft gas turbine engine). A turbofan engine with some of its low-pressure
compressor blades extended. These extended blades act as a fan and force air around the outside of the
gas-generator portion of the engine. Most modern turbofan engines are forward-fan engines.
forward voltage drop (semiconductor characteristic). The voltage drop across a semiconductor device
　
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