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not able to be used.
in phase. A condition in which two vibrations or changing electrical signals pass through zero at the same
time, going in the same direction. To be in phase, both signals or vibrations should reach their positive and
negative peak values at the same time.
input capacitance. The capacitance across the input terminals of an electrical circuit. It is the capacitance
“seen” by the input device.
input circuit (electronic equipment). The circuit through which the input signal or input information is
introduced into a piece of electronic equipment. The input circuit of an amplifier, for example, must supply
whatever power is needed by a microphone, and it must have an input impedance that matches the
impedance of the microphone.
input impedance. The impedance across the input terminals of an electronic circuit or device. The input
impedance must be matched with the impedance of the component that provides the input signal.
input transformer. An electrical transformer used to feed an alternating current signal from a pickup
device into the input stage of an electronic system. The input transformer isolates the pickup device from
the input circuit and matches the impedance of the two devices. See impedance matching.
inrush current (electrical machines). The large amount of current that flows into an electrical machine
when the switch is first closed. When an electric motor is connected to a power source, a high rate of
current begins to flow. This inrush current causes the rotor to begin to turn, and as it turns, it produces a
back voltage, or counter EMF, that opposes the source voltage. Since the CEMF opposes the source voltage,
the net voltage (the voltage that actually forces the current through the motor) drops, and the current
flowing into the motor decreases to a value much lower than the inrush current.
Incandescent light bulbs also cause a high inrush current. The resistance of the light bulb filaments
is low when they are cold, but as soon as current flows through them, they get hot, and their resistance
increases. The current drops below that of the inrush current as the filament resistance increases.
INS (inertial navigation system). A form of computerized long-range navigation system that is entirely
independent of outside signals. The exact latitude and longitude of the aircraft is entered into the computer
before takeoff, and accelerometers and gyros produce input signals that continually update the computer as
the aircraft moves through the air.
The latitude and longitude of the destination and of way points along the route are entered into the
computer, and the INS works with the course deviation indicator (CDI) and the horizontal situation
indicator (HSI) to direct the autopilot or the human pilot to fly the correct course to the chosen waypoint or
destination.
inside calipers (measuring device). A hinged measuring device similar to a pair of dividers. The
difference between inside calipers and dividers is that the ends of the caliper’s legs are bent outward so
they are at right angles to the legs.
Inside calipers are used to measure the inside diameter of a hole. The legs of the calipers are
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 324
placed in the hole and spread until the points just touch the outside edges. The calipers are then taken from
the hole and the distance between the points measured with a steel scale.
inside micrometer. A precision measuring instrument used to measure the inside diameter of a cylinder or
hole in increments of a thousandth of an inch or less.
The body of an inside micrometer is the same as that used on an outside micrometer caliper. The
ends of the thimble and the spindle are rounded, and when the zero mark on the thimble is lined up with the
zero index on the sleeve, the end of the spindle and the end of the thimble are exactly two inches apart, and
the spindle will move out of the thimble for exactly one inch. Extensions can be fastened into the end of the
spindle to measure diameters greater than three inches.
insolation (meteorology). Incoming solar radiation falling upon the earth and its atmosphere.
Inspection Authorization. See IA.
inspection door (aircraft component). A small hinged cover installed over an opening in an aircraft
structure. These openings allow the inspection of the inside of the aircraft.
inspection plate (aircraft component). A plate or panel used to cover an inspection opening in an aircraft
structure. Inspection plates in nonstressed portions of the structure may be held in place with a few machine
screws or self-tapping sheet-metal screws, but inspection plates in a highly stressed portion of the structure
　
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