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enough to burn the contaminants out of its firing-end cavity. If these contaminants are not burned out, they
will foul the spark plug and prevent it from firing properly.
hot stamping. A method of marking plastic materials, cloth, or paper by using heated metal dies. The
heated dies force molten metal leaf (extremely thin sheets of metal) into the surface of the material.
hot start (gas turbine engine). A condition in which a gas turbine engine starts, but its internal
temperature rises high enough to damage the engine. Any time an engine has a hot start, it must be given a
special inspection to determine if any damage has been done.
hot streaking (turbine engine malfunction). A hot section malfunction in which the flame penetrates
through the entire turbine system and into the tail pipe.
hot-tank lubrication system (gas turbine engine). A lubrication system of a gas turbine engine in which
the oil cooler is in the pressure portion of the system. Hot oil returns directly from the engine into the tank
without being cooled.
hot valve clearance (radial reciprocating engine specification). The clearance between the valve stem
and the rocker arm of a radial engine when the engine is operating at its normal temperature. The hot, or
running, clearance is much greater than the cold clearance, and it is measured only when adjusting the
valve timing. After the timing is properly adjusted, using the hot clearance, all of the valves are set to the
much smaller cold clearance.
hot wire. The common term used for a wire connected to the source of electrical power.
hot-wire ammeter. An ammeter used for measuring high-frequency alternating current. The current flows
through a fine wire held under a slight tension, and the heat produced by the current causes the wire to
expand and increase its length. As the wire lengthens, it moves a pointer across the dial to show the amount
of current flowing through the wire.
hot-wire anemometer. A form of wind-speed indicator in which the wind whose speed being measured
passes over a wire heated by an electrical current. The amount of heat the moving air removes from the
wire is proportional to the wind speed.
hot-wire cutter. A cutter used to shape blocks of Styrofoam. The wire is stretched tight between the arms
of a frame and heated by electrical current. The hot wire melts its way through the foam.
hourmeter (aircraft instrument). An instrument installed in many aircraft to show the actual number of
hours the engine has operated. The hourmeter is an electrical clock that starts when the engine oil pressure
builds up, and runs until the engine is shut down and the oil pressure drops to zero.
hover (helicopter operation). A condition of helicopter flight in which the machine holds a fixed position
over the earth. When a helicopter is hovering, it is not moving in any direction relative to the terrain below
it.
hover check (helicopter operation). A stabilized hover of a helicopter or VTOL aircraft used to conduct a
performance/power check prior to hover taxi, air taxi, or takeoff.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 305
hovering ceiling (helicopter flight). The maximum altitude at which a helicopter can support itself without
forward motion. Hovering ceiling is normally given in two figures: in ground effect (IGE) and out of
ground effect (OGE).
hovering in ground effect (helicopter operation). A helicopter hovering in ground effect (IGE) is in
flight, but it is not moving over the ground, and it is flying at a height equal to or less than the span of its
rotor above the surface. A helicopter can hover in ground effect at a higher density altitude than it can
hover out of ground effect.
hovering out of ground effect (helicopter operation). A helicopter hovering out of ground effect (OGE)
is in flight, but it is not moving over the ground, and it is flying at a height above the ground greater than
the span of its rotor.
hover taxi (helicopter operation). Movement of a helicopter or VTOL aircraft above the surface and in
ground effect, at airspeeds of less than approximately 20 knots.
HRD fire extinguisher (high-rate-discharge). A fire extinguisher that carries the extinguishing agent in a
sealed sphere or cylinder. When the agent-discharged switch is closed, a powder charge drives a cutter
through a frangible disk and releases the agent. The entire contents of the container is emptied in much less
than a second.
HSI (horizontal situation indicator). An electronic flight and navigation instrument that shows the pilot
the proper changes to make in directional flight. An HSI shows the pilot the relationship of he aircraft to
the VOR radial or ADF bearing, the magnetic direction, the desired course and heading, and also the
　
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