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cylinder. The brakes are applied, but as the pedal is held down, fluid leaks past the piston, and the brakes
slowly release.
FAF (final approach fix) (air traffic control). The fix from which the final approach (IFR) to an airport is
executed and which identifies the beginning of the final approach segment.
An FAF is designated on government charts by the Maltese cross symbol for nonprecision
approaches and the lightning bolt symbol for precision approaches. When ATC directs a
lower-than-published glideslope/path intercept altitude, it is the resultant actual point of the glideslope/path
intercept.
Fahnstock clip (electrical connector). A type of spring clip used to temporarily connect a wire into an
electrical circuit. Some batteries have Fahnstock clips for connecting wires to their terminals.
Fahrenheit temperature. Temperature measured on a scale that uses 32° as the point at which pure water
freezes, and 212° as the point at which pure water boils under standard atmospheric pressure. There are 180
equal graduations between the freezing and boiling points of water. Absolute zero (the point at which
molecular motion stops) is –460°F.
fail-hardover (automatic flight control malfunction). A type of failure of an automatic flight control
system that produces a steady signal which drives the controls to the extreme end of their travel and holds
them there. Hardover failure can result in a crash, and to prevent it, automatic flight control systems have
some method of releasing or overpowering the control if such a condition occurs.
fail-safe control. A type of control that automatically puts the controlled device in a safe condition if the
control system should fail.
faired curve. A smooth curve that has no sharp changes in its direction.
fairing. A part of a structure or machine whose primary purpose is to produce a smooth surface or a
smooth junction where two surfaces join.
fairlead (aircraft control system). A plastic or wooden guide used to prevent a steel control cable from
rubbing against an aircraft structure.
fall wind (meteorology). A cold wind blowing downslope. Fall wind differs from a foehn (See foehn) in
that the air is initially cold enough to remain relatively cold despite the heating from the compression it
received during its descent.
false rib (airplane structural component). A short, partial rib used in a truss-type airplane wing to
improve the shape of the leading edge of the airfoil. False ribs, also known as nose ribs, extend back only
as far as the front spar.
false spar. A short, partial wing spar behind the rear spar, used to support the aileron hinges.
false start (gas turbine engine operation). A condition in which the fuel-air mixture inside a gas turbine
engine ignites and burns, but the RPM does not build up high enough for the engine to continue to run
without help from the starter. A false start, also called a hung start, is caused by the starter not turning the
engine fast enough for it to start properly.
fan blade shingling (turbofan engine damage). A type of damage in which the midspan shrouds on the
fan blades overlap, shingle fashion, rather than touching with face-to-face contact. Fan blade shingling is
caused by a sudden stoppage of the fan, or by an overspeed condition.
fan-in (digital electronic circuit). The number of inputs connected to a single digital logic circuit.
fan marker (electronic navigation equipment). A highly directional radio signal transmitted vertically
upward from a transmitter located along a navigational radio range. The output of the fan marker is heard
only when the aircraft is directly above the transmitter, and this allows the pilot to know his exact location.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 238
fan-out (digital electronic circuit). The number of parallel loads connected to a single logic circuit.
fan pressure ratio (turbofan engine parameter). The ratio of the fan discharge pressure to the fan inlet
pressure.
FAP (final approach point) (air traffic control). The point, applicable only to a nonprecision approach
with no depicted FAF (such as an on-airport VOR), where the aircraft is established inbound on the final
approach course from the procedure turn, and where the final approach descent may be commenced. The
final approach point serves as the final approach fix and identifies the beginning of the final approach
segment.
FAR (Federal Aviation Regulations). Regulations established by the Federal Aviation Administration
which govern the operation of aircraft, airways, and airmen. Compliance with FARs is mandatory.
In 1996, all references to the FARs were changed to “14 CFR” (Title 14 of the Code of Federal
　
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