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gases produce an aerodynamic force as well as an impulse force as they move the turbine blades in the
direction needed to spin the turbine wheel.
impulse turbine (gas turbine engine component). A form of turbine that is rotated by air striking
bucket-shaped turbine blades. An impulse turbine changes the direction of the air flowing through it. The
energy that causes this change in direction spins the turbine. An impulse turbine does not produce a
pressure drop across the blade as the reaction turbine does.
impurity (semiconductor material). A chemical element added to silicon or germanium to give it specific
electrical characteristics. Arsenic, phosphorus, and antimony are pentavalent elements, elements having
five electrons in their valence shell. When these elements are used as impurities, they form N-type material
because there are more electrons than are needed to form covalent bonds within the material. Atoms of
N-type material are called donor atoms.
Aluminum, boron, gallium, and indium are elements having only three electrons in their valence
shell, and when used as impurities with silicon or germanium, produce P-type materials. P-type materials
have fewer electrons than are needed to form covalent bonds, and they accept electrons from other
materials. Atoms of P-type materials are called acceptor atoms.
inboard. The direction in an aircraft toward its center line.
incandescent. Glowing because of intense heat. Carbon particles inside the cylinder of a reciprocating
engine can absorb enough heat from the burning gases to become incandescent, or glow. These
incandescent particles are the cause of preignition.
incandescent lamp. A form of electric lamp in which a white-hot, incandescent filament produces light.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 317
The filament is enclosed in a glass bulb from which all the air has been removed and replaced with an inert
gas, such as argon. The inert gas replaces oxygen so the filament does not burn up when it becomes
white-hot. Incandescent lamps produce a large amount of heat as well as light.
INCERFA (ICAO). A situation in which there is uncertainty as to the safety of an aircraft and its
occupants.
inch of mercury. A unit for measuring absolute pressure. One inch of mercury is the amount of pressure
needed to support a column of mercury one inch (2.54 centimeters) high. Standard atmospheric pressure
will support a column of mercury 29.92 inches high.
inch-pound (measure of torque). A measure of torque, or the rotation that is caused by a force of one
pound acting one inch from the center of rotation..
inch-pound (measure of work). A measure of work accomplished when a force of one pound moves an
object a distance of one inch.
incidence board (airplane rigging tool). A triangular board used when rigging the incidence in the wing
of an airplane. The airplane is leveled, the incidence board is held along the bottom of one of the wing root
ribs, and a level is held against the bottom of the board. When the bottom of the board is level, the wing is
set to the correct angle of incidence. See angle of incidence.
inclined plane. One of the basic machines used to gain mechanical advantage. The other basic machines
are the lever and the wheel. A loading ramp which is a plane surface forming an angle with the horizon is
an inclined plane. A force of only 100 pounds is needed to roll a 400-pound drum of oil up onto the bed of
a truck, three feet high, if the drum is rolled up a ramp 12 feet long.
inclinometer. An instrument used to measure the attitude of an aircraft relative to the horizontal. An
inclinometer is usually made of a curved glass tube, partially filled with a clear liquid and holding a black
glass ball. The curved tube is mounted in line with either the lateral or longitudinal axis of the aircraft, so
the ball is in the center when the aircraft is level. When the aircraft tilts, the ball remains at the low point of
the tube and shows the number of degrees the aircraft is tilted.
inclusion (metal casting defect). A defect in a metal casting caused by nonmetallic impurities, such as
carbon or sand trapped in the molten metal when it was poured into the mold. An inclusion weakens the
casting and makes proper machining difficult.
incoherent light. Light whose vibrations do not have any consistent phase relationship.
incompressible fluid. A liquid used in a fluid power system. A hydraulic system uses an incompressible
fluid, such as oil, while a pneumatic system uses a compressible fluid, such as air.
Inconel. The registered trade name for an alloy of chromium and iron. Inconel, which is similar to stainless
steel but cannot be hardened by heat treatment, is used for aircraft engine exhaust system components.
　
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