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empty weight (aircraft specification). The weight of the airframe, engines, and all items of operating
equipment that have fixed locations and are permanently installed in the aircraft. Empty weight includes
optional and special equipment, fixed ballast, full reservoirs of hydraulic fluid, engine lubricating oil, and
the unusable fuel, but does not include occupants, baggage, or cargo.
empty-weight center of gravity (aircraft specification). The center of gravity of an aircraft when it
contains only the items specified in aircraft empty weight.
empty-weight center of gravity range (aircraft specifications). The distance between the allowable
forward and aft empty-weight CG limits. When EWCG limits are given for an aircraft, and the
empty-weight CG falls within these limits, it is not possible to legally load the aircraft so that its
operational CG will fall outside its operational CG limits.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 224
EMSAW (enroute minimum safe altitude warning). A function of the NAS Stage A enroute computer.
This function aids the controller by alerting him when a tracked aircraft is below, or is predicted to go
below, a predetermined minimum IFR altitude.
emulsion. A suspension of small globules of one material in another, when the two materials will not mix.
Oil and water will not mix, but they can be formed into an emulsion. An emulsion will separate into its
components when it is allowed to sit.
emulsion-type cleaner. A chemical cleaner used to loosen dirt, grease, oxides, and carbon deposits from
the surface of an aircraft. Solvents are mixed with water and a petroleum product, such as naphtha. An
emulsifying agent is used to form an emulsion with these products that do not normally mix.
The cleaner is sprayed on the dirty surface and allowed to remain long enough to penetrate the
surface contamination and reach the metal. Then it is washed off with hot water or steam.
enamel. A type of finishing material that flows out to form a smooth surface. Enamel is normally made of a
pigment suspended in some form of resin. When the resin hardens, it leaves a smooth, protective surface
that may have either a glossy or a velvet finish.
Polyurethane enamel is an exceptionally durable, chemical-resistant finish used on modern
aircraft.
encapsulate. To completely cover, or encase, something. An electrical component is encapsulated when it
is completely covered with, or embedded in, a plastic material.
enclosed relay (electrical component). An electrical relay in which both the coil and the contacts are
enclosed in a protective housing. Enclosed relays are used in aircraft for the main battery contactor and for
the starter relay.
encode. To convert analog information, such as the degrees of rotation of a shaft, into a digital code.
encoding altimeter (aircraft flight instrument). A special type of pressure altimeter used to send a signal
to the air traffic controller on the ground, showing the pressure altitude the aircraft is flying. Pressure
altitude is the altitude shown on the altimeter when its barometric scale is adjusted to the standard sea level
pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury, or 1013.2 millibars.
The altimeter provides a signal showing the altitude in one-hundred-foot increments to the radar
beacon transponder. The transponder sends this information in coded form to the ground radar, where it
shows up on the radar screen in numbers beside the radar return from the aircraft.
endothermic action. A chemical action in which heat energy is absorbed.
endurance (aircraft specification). The length of time an aircraft can remain in the air. The power
produced by the engines and the flight conditions can be regulated to give the aircraft the greatest speed,
the greatest range, or the greatest endurance.
end voltage (battery servicing term). The cell voltage of an aircraft battery agreed upon by the battery
manufacturing industry to indicate when a battery is discharged.
A closed-circuit voltage of one volt per cell is the end voltage of a nickel-cadmium aircraft battery.
When the cell voltage gets down to one volt, the battery is considered to be discharged.
energizing brake. A brake that uses the momentum of the aircraft to increase its effectiveness by wedging
the shoe tightly against the brake drum. Energizing brakes are also called servo brakes. A single-servo
brake is energizing only when moving in the forward direction, and a duo-servo brake is energizing when
the aircraft is moving either forward or backward.
energy. The capacity for performing work. Something that changes, or tries to change, matter. There are
two basic types of energy: potential, or stored energy, and kinetic energy, associated with motion.
　
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