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explosive rivet (special aircraft fastener). A type of blind rivet with a hollow end, filled with an explosive
charge, and sealed with a plastic cap. The rivet is slipped into the prepared hole, and a rivet set containing
an electric heater is held against the head of the rivet. The heat ignites the explosive charge, and the end of
the rivet swells out, clamping the sheets tightly together.
exponent (mathematics). A number written above and to the right of a mathematical expression, called the
base. An exponent tells the number of times the base is to be used as a factor (a part of the problem). In the
expression 42, the exponent is 2. The base 4 is to be used two times; it is to be multiplied by itself. 42 = 4 •
4 = 16.
extend. To move something to the limit of its travel. When a retractable landing gear is moved from its
retracted position to a position that allows the airplane to land on it, the landing gear has been extended —
it has been moved to the extent of its travel.
extended over-water operation. 14 CFR Part 1:
“(1) With respect to aircraft other than helicopters, an operation over water at a horizontal distance
of more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline; and
(2) With respect to helicopters, an operation over water at a horizontal distance of more than 50
nautical miles from the nearest shoreline and more than 50 nautical miles from an offshore heliport
structure.”
extension lines (mechanical drawing). Thin lines on an aircraft drawing that extend out from an object to
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show the location from which dimensions are taken. Dimension lines show the distance between the
extension lines.
exterior angle. The angle between one side of a polygon and an extension to an adjacent side. The sum of
the exterior angles of any polygon regardless of the number of sides, is always 360°.
external combustion engine. A form of heat engine in which the fuel is burned to release its heat energy
outside the engine. A steam engine is a form of external combustion engine. Fuel is burned outside the
engine to heat water and change it into steam. The steam is then fed into the cylinder or through the turbine
of the engine where it expands and performs work.
external load. A load carried by a helicopter outside of the aircraft itself. External loads are normally
carried by slings suspended below the helicopter. 14 CFR Part 1: “A load that is carried, or extends,
outside the aircraft fuselage.”
external-load attaching. 14 CFR Part 1: “The structural components used to attach an external load to an
aircraft, including external-load containers, the backup structure at the attachment points, and any
quick-release device used to jettison the external load.”
external tooth lock washer. A form of thin, spring-steel lock washer. The inside of the washer fits around
the bolt or screw, and the outside is notched to form teeth, each of which is twisted.
When the nut is screwed down tight against the washer, the twisted teeth flatten out, and their
spring action holds the nut tight against the threads of the screw and prevents its backing off.
An external-tooth lock washer is also called a Type-B shakeproof lock washer.
extra-flexible control cable. Aircraft control cable made up of seven strands of wire with each strand
containing 19 individual wires. Extra-flexible cable, normally called 7 by 19 cable, is used in all locations
where the cable must pass over a pulley.
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extratropical low (meteorology). Any cyclone that is not a tropical cyclone. It usually refers to the
migratory frontal cyclones found in the middle or high latitudes.
extrusion. A form of structural material made by passing metal heated to its plastic state through specially
shaped dies. The extruding process is used to make long, continuous lengths of such structural shapes as
angles and channels.
eye (meteorology). The roughly circular area of calm or relatively light winds and comparatively fair
weather at the center of a well-developed tropical cyclone. Wall clouds mark the outer boundary of the eye.
eyebolt. A bolt having a blade-like head with a hole in it. An eyebolt is used to attach a cable to a structure.
eyebrow lights. Small lights placed in a shield over the two top corners of an instrument installed in an
aircraft instrument panel. Eyebrow lights illuminate the dial of the instrument, but do not shine in the
pilot’s eyes.
F
FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). The division within the Department of Transportation of the
United States government that has the responsibility of promoting safety in the air, by both regulation and
　
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