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the sandy bed of a watercourse to locate a soak, or distil salt water by holding a cloth
in the steam of boiling water and wringing it into a container.
Water is more important to survival than food – you can comfortably do without food
for 48 hours or more, but lack of water causes dehydration and only one-fifth of the
body’s fluids (about 11 litres) can be lost if an individual is to survive.
Under desert survival conditions, the preferred method, after a forced landing, is to
wait until your are extremely thirsty before drinking at all and then to drink at the rate
at which sweating is taking place. This method ensures that there is little impairment
in efficiency and wastes no water. You can also save water by reducing sweating, eg:
by keeping in the shade, not exposing the skin to sun or hot winds and resting during
the day. If water supplies have to be restricted, do not take salt or eat salty foods.
DO NOT drink URINE under any circumstances.
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Minimum water requirements per person to maintain the correct balance of
body fluid, when resting in the shade, are:
Mean temperature (Degrees C) 35 32 30 27 or below
Litres per 24 hours 5 3.5 2.5 1
(Mean temperature is usually about 8oC below daily maximum)
If you do decide to walk out you will double the body’s need for water.
In desert or semi-desert areas, walk only at night or in the early morning.
For every 4.5 litres of water carried, you should be able to walk 32 kilometres
at night in these types of terrain.
DO NOT DRINK SALT WATER
EMERGENCY WATER STILL
To supplement supplies, an emergency water still, requiring the carriage of some
equipment, can extract small amounts of water from soil that looks quite dry,
if set up in this manner.
DIRT TO ANCHOR PLASTIC SHEET
PLASTIC DRINKING TUBE
ROCK
PLASTIC SHEET
ONE OR TWO
LITRE CONTAINER
1m
200mm
500mm
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Foliage (if available) should be placed as illustrated around the container under the
plastic sheet. Clear polythene which ‘wets’ easily is best for the purpose but ordinary
clear kitchen polythene sheet (or preferably the thicker 100μm variety such as is laid
down before concrete floors, etc., are poured) is satisfactory, particularly if its surface
is roughened so that the droplets of water will cling to it more easily and will not be
wasted by dropping off before they run down to the point of the cone. It is wise to
cut the sheets to size and roughen them with sandpaper before they are stored in the
aircraft, rather than waiting until one is stranded somewhere in the outback. If a
‘nesting’ set of containers is obtained and the sheets and tubing rolled inside them,
a very compact bundle can be made. But see that it is very well wrapped – it may have
to lie around in the luggage compartment for a long time before it is needed.
SIGNALING
If you have a Locator beacon, operate it as described in “EMERGENCY ACTIVATION OF
DISTRESS BEACONS (on page 320 )”.
Collect wood, grass, etc., and build several signalling fires – preferably in the form of a
triangle. Use oil from the engine and tyres to make black smoke. Unless there is ample
firewood in the area, do not light fires until you hear or see search aircraft, or until
desperate. Be careful to have a fire break between the fires and your aircraft.
Try to have the fires downwind from the aircraft.
Conserve your batteries if the aircraft radio is undamaged. After one attempt to
contact an airways operations unit, do not use your transmitter until you hear or see
search aircraft. Maintain a listening watch, as search aircraft may broadcast
information or instruction in the hope that you can receive. Make a note of,
and call on the overlying controlled airspace frequency. And watch for contrails.
Make signals on the ground using the ‘Search and Rescue Ground Signals illustrated’
in this section and in the EMERG Section.
Aircraft may fly over your notified route on the first or second night. Light the fires
as soon as you hear them, and if possible keep them burning all night.
If you do not have a heliograph or a mirror, try to remove some bright metal fittings
from your aircraft for signalling – any flash seen by the aircraft will be investigated.
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