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flight proceeds. Where repair facilities are not available, and flight to the nearest
appropriate repair facility entails flight in controlled airspace or an MBZ, the flight may
proceed provided that:
• for flight in controlled airspace ATS is advised of the radio failure and a clearance for
the flight is obtained from ATC; or
• for flight in an MBZ, the pilot arranges to have a radio broadcast made, at the time
the no-radio flight takes place, giving details of the flight.
FLIGHTS UNDER THE VFR
The following apply in respect of flight under the VFR:
• The pilot in command must navigate the aircraft by visual reference to the ground or
water, or by using any of the methods specified on page 265, except that when
operating at or below 2,000FT above the ground or water, the pilot in command
must be able to navigate by visual reference to the ground or water.
• When navigating by visual reference to the ground or water, the pilot in command
must positively fix the aircraft’s position by visual reference to features shown on
topographical charts at intervals not exceeding 30 minutes. When flying over the
sea, visual reference features may include rocks and reefs and fixed man-made
objects which are marked on suitable charts and are readily identifiable from the air.
Note: Flight above more than 4/8 of cloud, or over featureless land areas,
or over the sea, may preclude visual position fixing at the required
intervals and may therefore make visual navigation impracticable.
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NAVIGATION REQUIREMENTS
• When navigating by visual reference in controlled airspace the pilot must notify ATC
if the aircraft’s track diverges by more than one (1) nautical mile from the track
approved by ATC, or, if navigating by reference to radio navigation aids, by more
than the tolerances given on page 240.
• VFR flight on top of more than 4/8 cloud is available provided that:
A. VMC can be maintained during the entire flight, including climb, cruise
and descent.
B. For VFR flight on top, the visual position fixing requirements of page 266
or the IFR navigational requirements must be met.
C. Prior to conducting a VFR flight on top of more than 4/8 loud, the pilot in
command must ensure that current forecasts and observations (including
those available in flight observations) indicate that conditions in the area
of, and during the period of, the planned descent below the cloud layer
will permit the descent to be conducted in VMC.
D. The position at which descent below cloud is planned to occur must be
such as to enable continuation of the flight to the destination and,
if required, an alternate aerodrome in VMC (see Notes 1 and 3).
• When navigating by reference to radio navigation systems, the pilot in command
must obtain positive radio fixes at the intervals and by the methods prescribed on
page 266.
• The pilot in command of a VFR flight wishing to navigate by means of radio
navigation systems or any other means must indicate in the flight notification only
those radio navigation aids with which the aircraft is equipped and the pilot is
qualified to use (see Note 2).
• VFR aeroplanes operating above F200 must be equipped with an altimeter calibrated
to IFR standards.
Note 1: A pilot must not undertake a VFR flight on top of more than 4/8 cloud unless
the aircraft is equipped with serviceable flight and navigation instruments as
specified in CAO 20.18 Appendix IV.
Note 2: “Qualified” means the holder of an instrument rating or NVFR rating which is
endorsed for the particular navigation aid or any private or higher category
pilot who has received in-flight instruction from a qualified instructor in the
use of the radio navigation aid as the sole means of navigation, and who is
competent to navigate by use of the aid.
Note 3: Pilots are warned against initiating VFR-on-top when weather conditions are
marginal. Before committing their flight to operating VFR-on-top they should
be confident that meteorological information used is reliable and current, and
clearly indicates that the entire flight will be able to be conducted in VMC.
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NAVIGATION REQUIREMENTS
FLIGHT UNDER THE VFR
An aircraft operating under the VFR can also be navigated by:
• a full time licensed flight navigator, or
• an approved self-contained navigation system, or approved long range radio
navigation system;or
• use of a radio navigation system or systems on routes where, after making
　
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