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GENERAL
09/2001
1
SEE AND AVOID
SECTION
RULES OF THE AIR
DETERMINATION OF VISIBILITY FOR VFR (CAR 174)
• Flight visibility shall be determined by the pilot in command from the cockpit of the
aircraft while in flight.
• Subject to CAR 257, the pilot in command of an aircraft operating under the Visual
Flight Rules is responsible for determining the visibility for the take-off and landing of
the aircraft.
• In determining visibility for the purposes of this regulation, the pilot in command
shall take into account the meteorological conditions, sunglare and any other
condition that may limit his or her effective vision through his or her windscreen.
2500
4500
6500
8500
3500
5500
7500
9500
1500
EVEN 1000s +500
ODD 1000s +500
76
Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia
GENERAL
09/2001
1
CRUISING LEVEL
SECTION
RULES OF THE AIR
EQUIPMENT OF AIRCRAFT FOR VFR (CAR 174A)
CASA may issue instructions specifying:
• the radio communication systems; or
• the radio navigation systems; or
• the secondary surveillance radar transponder equipment; that must be carried on,
or installed in, an aircraft before it undertakes a V.F.R. flight.
DAY VFR
Except as set out below, an aircraft must not be flown under the V.F.R. unless it
is equipped with:
• suitable flight instruments as directed by CASA; and
• the equipment specified in instructions issued under subregulation (1) in relation to
the aircraft.
NIGHT VFR
Except as set out below, an aircraft shall not be flown under the V.F.R. by night unless,
in addition to the equipment referred to in subregulation (1A), it is equipped with:
• a landing light;
• illumination for all instruments and equipment used by the flight crew, being
instruments and equipment that are essential for the safe operation of the aircraft;
• lights in all passenger compartments;
• an electric torch for each crew member; and
• such other equipment as CASA directs in the interests of safety.
In respect of an aircraft that is not equipped as above, CASA may give
permission, subject to such conditions (if any) as are specified in the permission,
for the aircraft to be flown under the V.F.R by day or by night.
INSTRUMENTATION FOR FLIGHT UNDER VISUAL FLIGHT RULES
(CAO 20.18)
An aircraft, other than a helicopter, engaged in private, aerial work or charter
operations, except an aeroplane having a maximum take-off weight greater than 5700
kg engaged in charter operations, shall not be operated under the Visual Flight Rules
unless it is equipped with the instruments specified in Appendix I (page 78) to this
section and any other instruments and indicators specified in the aircraft flight manual.
A helicopter operating under the Visual Flight Rules shall be equipped with the
instruments specified in Appendix VI (page 290) to this section and any other
instruments and indicators specified in the helicopter flight manual.
77
Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia
GENERAL
09/2001
1
AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT
SECTION
RULES OF THE AIR
SERVICEABILITY (CAO 20.18)
All instruments and equipment fitted to an aircraft shall be serviceable prior to take-off
unless:
• flight with unserviceable instruments or equipment has been approved by the
Secretary, subject to such conditions as he specifies; or
• the unserviceability is permitted under the provisions of a permissible unserviceability
schedule; or
• in the case of private, aerial work or charter aircraft engaged in operations under
the Visual Flight Rules, the unserviceable instruments or equipment are not
instruments or equipment required by Appendix 1 (below) .
• Where flight is conducted with unserviceable instruments or equipment under the
provisions of paragraph 10.1 of CAO 20.18 (Approved by the Secretary; permitted
under unservicability schedule; or not instruments outlined in Appendix 1 - below),
the unserviceable instruments or equipment shall be prominently placarded
‘UNSERVICEABLE’ or removed from the aircraft.
Note: Where an instrument or piece of equipment performs more than one function,
it is permissible to placard as unserviceable only the function(s) which are
unserviceable.
A charter, aerial work or private operator may elect to have a permissible
unserviceability schedule. In the case of charter or aerial work operators,
the permissible unserviceability schedule shall be incorporated in the operator’s
operations manual.
　
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