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917 %. Therefore , the species which are the highest
potential hazards to flight security , are mainly residents
and summer migrants.
312 　Evaluation of the potential hazard to flight
security at different hazard grades
The most hazardous birds , with importance values
over 25 , include : raptors which fly fast and have a
wide activity scope ; crows and small finchs which fly
in large flocks ; cooers and pigeons which fly across the
runway ; quails and chickens which live on both sides
of the runway ; and small snipes which inhabit the wa2
ter areas. These birds often inhabit Section A and often
transverse or fly above the runway , close to the flight
route. The biological features of raptors influence their
hazard grade ; as they fly at high elevation , are active in
a wide area and feed mainly on mice and small birds ,
the hot air current above the runway can support their
flight and save them energy. In addition quarries on
both sides of these fields provide ideal foraging habitat
and therefore , the flight area becomes a preferred pre2
sent site. Meanwhile , crows , quails and small finchs fly
in large flocks across the runway in spring. At times
there can be more than 10 000 crows at the site , which
are more dangerous than raptors as planes can not
avoid them easily. The power of the impact of a group
of crows is greater than that of a single raptor . Quails
are common birds in the flight area . They forage on the
ground close to the runway during dawn and dusk , and
display scattered flight when scared. Therefore they
may be drawn into the engine of the plane by the cur2
rents generated by the engine . Small snipes are always
in the water areas around the flight area . They usually
land in flocks when they spot water . The water from
the sewage factory has formed a shining water surface
to the north of the runway , which attracts birds which
have flown for long distances and need to rest to renew
their energy. They can easily encounter landing or air2
borne planes while descending or flying around the run2
way when disturbed.
The eight hazardous2grade raptor species are dis2
tributed far away from the inner level area and seldom
fly into the flight area . Their flight routes overlap with
the ascending and descending route of the planes ,
which poses a potential threat to the airplane . Com2
pared these species with the most hazardous species
that often fly within the airfield area , they are less dan2
gerous , and are thus defined as hazardous birds.
There are 28 bird species that are less or least
hazardous . Their activities are focused in the cone area
and within the inner level area , far away from the flight
route. They pose little hazard to aircraft and have not
been discussed here .
2 期　　　　　　　　　　　　李　新等: 呼和浩特白塔機場春季鳥類的鳥擊危險等級評估(英文) 165
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