.  Use Visual Displays. Slides, flip charts and handled objects are effective in many speaking situations. At this early stage, try to think of visual displays that will complement your oral presentation.

Below is an example of a speech outline: I Introduction
A. Purpose
B. Importance of the topic
II Major point #1 (with support)

A. Anecdotes
B. Statistics
C. Quotes of Authorities
III Major point #2 (with support)

A. Anecdotes
B. Statistics
C. Quotes of Authorities
IV Major point #3 (with support)

A. Anecdotes
B. Statistics
C. Quotes of authorities
V. Summary and Conclusion
11.2  Styles of Speech
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The Impromptu Speech. Impromptu speaking may be frightening to most people because the speaker is called on without forewarning. This style of speech should be direct and frank. Someone not properly informed can simply say, “thank you”, for being called on and explain why the opportunity is being declined.

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The Extemporaneous Speech. Extemporaneous speeches are planned, prepared and rehearsed but not written in detail. Familiarity with the material makes this style effective. Teachers use it because material may be adapted to different class situations, just as public speakers may adapt the material to different audiences.

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The Memorized Speech. Of the speech styles, memorization has the greatest limitations. Speakers are almost totally unable to react to feedback, and as everyone who attended elementary school knows – the speaker who forgets a point and develops a mental block may lose the entire speech. Memorized speeches tend to sound monotonous, restrict natural body gestures and motions and lack conviction.

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The Written-And-Read Speech. For complex material and technical conference presentations, written-and-read speeches ensure content coverage. Additionally, this style protects speakers against being misquoted and also fits into exact time constraint. If you use this method, write in large letters, avoid using difficult words that might cause you to stumble, and underscore in color items that need particular emphasis.

Using style in speeches.
Although the following suggestions are all appropriate for formal public speaking, most apply to speaking styles and to speaking situations generally:
.  Expect a few “butterflies” before you speak. A touch of nervousness probably means you will be a success.

.  Once you are standing, try to select a few friendly faces in the audience. Speak to them because it is easier to speak to a few than to the audience as a whole.

.  Use gestures naturally. Body motions really can’t be practiced. But try to be conscious of overusing your hands and arms.

.  Use jokes or humor appropriately. If you cannot tell a joke well, do not use one or you may be the joke! Humor must be related to your speech content. Refrain from any humor that may reflect negatively on race, color, religion and nationality. Poor-taste humor can destroy an otherwise good speech.

.  Watch your audience. They will tell you how you are doing and whether you should shorten your speech. Be attentive to negative feedback – the form of talking, coughing, moving chairs and other signs of discomfort.

.  Work hard on your closing remarks. A good closing serves to leave the audience in a good mood and may help overcome some possible mistakes during speech.

.  Dress carefully and tastefully. Appropriate clothing and good grooming affect audiences positively.

. Appear confident and appear to enjoy making the speech. Avoid annoying speech habits.
Exercises
Question 1
Enumerate the purposes of speech.
Question 2
List the guidelines in outlining a speech.
Question 3
Define the following styles of speech:
　
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