.  
Flip Chart. A board and easel with sheets of paper which can be written on during a talk or prepared beforehand and referred to during a talk.

.  
Models. If you are talking about a piece of equipment, it is a good idea to have a model of it so that people can see and examine it.

.  
Films and Videos. In a training environment, films and videos can often illustrate

particular points very usefully. Below are guidelines regarding the use of visual aids:
.  
Plan. Plan the use of visual aids to complement your talk. However, never rely on them completely. Always be prepared for the worst. If the equipment breaks down, you must be able to talk without the visual aids.

.  
Keep Them Simple. If using slides, it is essential to simplify the information you are presenting. Do not use too many words on the slides.

.  
Give Time. Give time for the audience to look at slides. Do not talk and show slides at the same time.

.  
Limit the Number. Limit the number of visual aids to be used. Do not use them for the sake of it and do not use too many different types.

.  
Talk to the Group. Do not talk to the screen, flip chart or slide. Stay facing the audience.

.  
Make Them Large and Punchy. If using a flipchart, write in large letters using a black pen. Make sure everyone in the room can see your visual aids.

.  
Check Any Equipment. Check any equipment before you start your talk. Practice so you are familiar with how the equipment works.

Dealing With Nerves
A common reaction to being asked to speak to a group is one of a sheer terror. It is one of the top
ten human fears, along with spiders and heights.
The other important fact of life is that however nervous and shaky you may feel inside, the
audience hardly ever notices. People will only notice if you start behaving unnaturally.
Unfortunately, some nervous mannerisms do get recognized by audiences. You can see shaking
hands, for example. You can also see worried expressions.
Below are some guideline tips on how to control your nerves:

.  
Prepare Thoroughly. Preparing talks takes time, so make sure you allow enough.

.  
Stand Where You Are Going to Speak. Try to get used to what it feels like standing in the spot you will be speaking from.

.  Try Out Your Voice. Practice on your tone of voice would be before you start your talk.

.  Distract Yourself for Ten Minutes before You Begin. Try distracting yourself and clear your mind of what is to come.

.  Neck Exercises. A lot of tension can build up in our neck when we are nervous, try neck rolling.

.  Breathe Deeply. Breathing can help voice production and has a calming effect.

.  Prepare Answers to Anticipated Questions. By doing this, you will gain confidence.

Exercises
Question 1
What are the general objectives of effective speaking?
Question 2
As a speaker, what are the things you should know about your audience?
Question 3
List the points to consider when choosing the venue for your talk.
Question 4
What is the percentage contribution to the total message as revealed in Albert Menrabhain’s research?
Question 5
List the guidelines on how to overcome nervous mannerisms?
Question 6
Enumerate the importance of visual aids.
Question 7
List the guidelines regarding the use of visual aids.
Question 8
Enumerate the types of visual aids and define each.
Question 9
List the guideline tips on how to control your nerves.

第四章高效講話

一、講話的定義及重要性
講話是我們常用的溝通形式。講話，指管理人員在經營實踐中，為了實現管理目標而有效地運用口頭語言表情達意的活動。管理人員講話的種類包括即興發言、傳遞信息的發言、主持發言、頒獎辭、歡迎辭、祝酒辭、口頭報告、長篇演說等。
　
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